Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biology in Society > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

(81 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

exergonic

A

down hill, easier, spontaneous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

endergonic

A

up hill, more difficult
enzyme helps to speed the reaction by lowering the burier, reducing energy of activation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

diffusion move concentration is less so it is: __________ transport

A

passive transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

endocytosis

A

pinches in, outside material in -> phagocytosis: food vacuole
closes to form a vesicle: endosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

pinocytosis

A

ingulf liquid, cell drinking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

lipid bilayer is made of

A

phospholipids + cholesterol + proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

diffusion

A

net movement of molecules, from a region of high-concentration to low-concentration (like osmosis)
kinetic energy (thermal energy)
no net movement: concentration no longer changing
equilibrium: molecules equality distributed, molecules still moving

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

simple diffusion

A

net movement across membrane in direction of concentration gradient
passive transport: doesn’t require input of energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

osmosis

A

net movement water across a semipermeable membrane and down its gradient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

fluid balance

A

amount of water loss (respiration, perspiration, urination, defecation) and amount of water gained (eating and drinking)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

carrier protein

A

binds small number of solute and moves protein to other side of membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

solute uses _______ proteins to cross plasma membrane

A

transport
a channel is an: ageous passage across membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

active transport

A

transport solute across, against plasma membrane, needs ATP hydrolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

electrochemical potential

A

voltage difference, uses positive and negative charges to move ions within and out of the cell driven by ATP
creates store of potential energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

exocytosis

A

vesicles released outside the cell
vesicle fuses with plasma membrane

out of cell
exo cyto sis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

neurotransmitters

A

the signal from the cell body that will release the neuron from the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

phagocytosis

A

engulf food particles and pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

receptor

A

mediated endocytosis: signal binds to transmembrane receptor
used as entry by many viruses
binding stimulates internalization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

examples of viruses binding to cell membrane:

A

HIV binds and triggers fusion of virus and cell membrane
mutation of genes proves resistance to virus
COVID-19: enters cell with spike proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Free energy

A

energy in a form to do work
photosynthesis: energy of sunlight, releases sugar and oxygen
hydrolysis of ATP drives cellular work

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Phototrophs

A

an organism that can use visible light as a primary energy source for metabolism

make energy by itself (autotrophs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

heterotrophs

A

obtain energy by ingesting organic molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

cellular respiration

A

use oxygen in metabolic pathway to break down glucose
part of energy captured by synthesizing ATP
releases water and CO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

catabolism

A

pathways breaking down more complex molecules into simpler molecules
requires gas exchange
INPUTS; sugar + O2 + ADP + P
OUTPUTS; CO2 + H2O + ATP + heat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
pulmonary respiration
exchange of air through lungs
26
cellular respiration
break down glucose (mitochondria) in presence of O2 produces CO2 synthesizes large amounts of ATP/ glucose
27
glucose breakdown
captures energy needed by cell to do work
28
glycosis
split glucose into 2-3 carbon molecules = pyruvate
29
citric acid cycle
completes breakdown of pyruvate to CO2 and electron shuttles = NADH and FADH2 occurs in matrix of mitochondria, produces per glucose 2 ATP 6 NADH 2 FADH2 4CO2
30
electron transport chain
electrons from NADH and FADH2 are used to create a proton gradient proton gradient used to synthesize ATP
31
metabolic pathways
products of preceding step are the reactants of the next step allows small inputs and outputs of energy allows regulation by feedback
32
cycle metabolic pathways are an example of this cycle:
product of last reaction also reactant in first reaction
33
glycolysis system:
investment phase: uses 2 ATP payoff phase: produces 4 ATP per glucose net: 4-2 = 2 ATP 2 pyruvate, 2 NADH anaerobic: O2 is not a reactant
34
coenzyme A
coenzyme derived from vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid); binds acetate and delivers to first enzyme of citric acid cycle
35
completes oxidation of glucose reactions occur in ______ in eukaryotes and ________ in prokaryotes.
8 enzyme catalyzed reactions acetyl group oxidized to 2CO2 mitochondrial matrix cytoplasm
36
energy captured intermediates
ATP 3 NADH FADH2
37
breakdown products of fats and proteins also enter CAC
as acetyl group
38
oxidation-reduction reactions
NAD cycle coenzyme: non-protein, organic part of an enzyme dehydrogenase: enzyme that oxidizes a substrate by reducing a coenzyme
39
23 chromosomes = 46 chromosomes =
22 autosomes + 1 sex 2 (22 + 1)
40
terminal electron acceptor:
02 "pulls" electrons through transport chain
41
fermentation reactions between ____ and an organic electron acceptor
reactions between NADH and an organic electron acceptor electron acceptor: pyruvate or derivative regeneration of NAD+ is necessary for glycolysis to continue
42
ethanol fermentation
(yeast) two step pathway producing ethanol and NAD + as final products - Decarboxylation; Acetaldehyde and CO2 - Reduction; Acetaldehyde to ethanol
43
lactic acid fermentation
(muscle cells) one step reaction producing lactic acid and NAD+ as final products pyruvate is reduced to form lactic acid NADH is oxidized to NAD+ allows glycosis to continue in periods of O2 deprivation lactic acid converted back to pyruvate in liver
44
lactic acid hypothesis
muscles produce lactic acid under aerobic conditions (A.V. Hill, 1920s) lactic acid is the primary cause of muscle fatigue muscle soreness = microtrauma and inflammation and electrolyte imbalance correlation doesn't equal causation
45
people unable to produce lactic acid
fatigue more easily
46
egg and sperm fertilization
fusion of haploid reproductive cells = gametes produces a diploid cell = zygote mutilticellular organism develops from zygote
47
meiosis
reductive division of germ cells to produce gametes
48
n=
number of chromosomes in single set = haploid set n=23 chromosomes
49
Prophase 1
centrosomes move towards opposite poles asters of microfibers begin to form synapsis: homologous pairs align early meiotic spindle forms exchange of genetic material = crossing over occurs between non-sister chromatids of homologs nuclear envelope begins to break down
50
meiosis 2
create four haploid cells with non duplicated chromosomes segregation of sister chromatids proceed to meiosis 2 without duplicating chromosomes duplicate centrosome separate sister as daughter chromosomes
51
prophase 1
homologous chromosomes enter into synapses crossing over occurs between non-sister chromatids
52
metaphase 1
random alignment of homologs
53
anaphase 1
homologs segregate; sister chromatids remain intact
54
end meiosis
two haploid cells with duplicated chromosomes
55
crossing over is during
prophase 1 and is when it produces new combinations of alleles which is called recombinant chromosomes
56
independent assortment of homologs is what phase?
metaphase 1 homologs in synapsis align randomly at metaphase plate
57
synapsis
homologous pairs align
58
random fertilization
each egg or sperm represents 8.4 million (2^23) possible chromosome combinations fusion of male and female gametes produces 70 trillion (2^23 x 2^23) increases combinations with further recombination
59
recombinant chromosomes are
new combinations of alleles
60
the calvin cycle inputs and outputs;
INPUTS: CO2, ATP, NADPH OUTPUTS: energy rich sugar glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate (G3P)
61
the calvin cycle steps:
1. carbon fixation 2. reduction 3. regeneration
62
first phase of the calvin cycle
called carbon fixation CO2 is added to ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) enzyme = rubisco (RuBP carbozylase-ozygenase) [most abundant protein in plants] PRODUCT: unstable 6C intermediate - splits into 2x3- phosphoglycerate - to balance equation add 1 carbon to each RuBP
63
second phase of calvin cycle
reduction stage (6) 3- phosphoglycerate is phosphorylated - increases potential energy - uses (6) ATP
64
third phase of calvin cycle
regeneration stage remaining 5 G3P remain in cycle INPUTS: 3 ATP provides energy to rearrange 5 G3P to 3 RuBP gluconeogenisis; reactions using G3P to synthesize glucose - glucose synthesizes sucrose and polymerized to starch
65
Microtubules of the meiotic spindle are organized by the
centrosomes
66
The alignment of homologous pairs of chromosomes during meiosis is known as
synapsis
67
When do sister chromatids separate in meiosis?
Anaphase II
68
Independent assortment of homologs happens during
Metaphase 1 which creates 4 haploid cells
69
- Character;
a heritable feature that varies among individuals - Flower color
70
- Trait
each variant for a character - Purple vs white flower
71
- Gregor mendel
- Worked with transmission genetics - First theory about the units of inheritance - Two laws of inheritance - Law of segregation and - Law of independent assortment
72
- P generation
true breeding + identical alleles - Gametes produced by one parent will contain same allele - Homozygous genes
73
- F1 generation
union of parental gametes and produces hybrids
74
- F2 generation
random combination of gametes in F1 X F1 cross results
75
- genome :
complete set of genes or genetic material in a cell or organism
76
- Phenotype :
set of observable characteristics of an organism due to the interaction of genetics and the environment
77
- Genotype
the genetic constitution at a given locus in the genome - homozygous - Heterzygous
78
- Acetylcholinesterase is an enzyme
limits contraction of skeletal muscle
79
Photosynthesis - Jan baptist van Helmont
- 1st known quantitative experiment in biology - Weighed a willow tree sapling and then weighed in 5 years later - Found that water is responsible for plants growth
80
photosynthesis and its structures
- Captures light energy to synthesize carbohydrates - Chloroplast - Stroma - Thylakoid - Granum - Epidermis: Outer layer; covered in waxy cuticle stomata on underside - Mesophyll: Internal tissue,Contain chloroplasts - Vascular tissue; Veins extending through mesophyll carrying water and nutrients
81
- Light reactions
- Solar energy to chemical energy - Chlorophyll in the thylakoid absorbs solar energy, which is converted to ATP and NADPH - When solar energy is absorbed an electron is pushed into an excited state. - Takes place in the thylakoid membrane

Biology in Society (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions