exam 2

Question 1

binary fission

Answer 1

a cell replicates its DNA, increases in size, and divides into two daughter cells

Question 2

Eukaryotic cells divide by _____ cell division

Answer 2

mitotic

Question 3

Steps of binary fission…

Answer 3

replication of DNA, segregation of replicated DNA to daughter cells, and division of one cell into two

Question 4

Why is cell division in eukarytotes more complicated then prokaryotes?

Answer 4

When eukaryotic cells divide, they first divide the nucleus by mitosis and then divide the cytoplasm into two daughter cells by cytokinesis. Together, these two processes are called mitotic cell division

Question 5

What is mitiotic cell division?

Answer 5

When eukaryotic cells divide, they first divide the nucleus by mitosis and then divide the cytoplasm into two daughter cells by cytokinesis. Together, these two processes are called mitotic cell division

Question 6

What are the 2 phases in the cell cycle?

Answer 6

M phase and interphase

Question 7

What are the 2 steps in M phase?

Answer 7

mitosis and cytokinesis

Question 7

What is mitosis?

Answer 7

the separation of the chromosomes into two nuclei

Question 8

What is cytokinesis?

Answer 8

the division of the cell itself into two separate cells

Question 9

what ______ is the time between two successive M phases

Answer 9

interphase

Question 10

What are the phases of interphase

Answer 10

S phase
G1 phase
G2 phase

Question 10

What is S phase

Answer 10

dna synthesis

Question 10

What is G1

Answer 10

prep for dna synthesis

Question 11

What is G2

Answer 11

prep for mitosis and cytokinesis

Question 11

What is it called when cells are not actively dividing

Answer 11

G0 phase

Question 12

What is it called when one strand is the parent strand ans one is newly synthesized?

Answer 12

semiconservative replication

Question 13

What is DNA polymerase?

Answer 13

enzyme that carries out DNA replication by acting as the site of the growing chain to increase

Question 14

What does DNA polymerase attach to and why

Answer 14

it can only attach a nucleotide to another nucleotide. In other words, it can only elongate the end of an existing piece of DNA or RNA and cannot lay down the first nucleotide of a newly synthesized strand on its own. As a result, each new DNA strand must begin with a short stretch of RNA that serves as a primer, or starter

Question 15

What needs to happen for DNA polymerase to take over?

Answer 15

an enzyme called RNA primase, which synthesizes a short piece of RNA complementary to the DNA parental strand. Once the RNA primer has been synthesized, DNA polymerase takes over, adding successive DNA nucleotides to the
3′ end of the growing strand

Question 16

What is the direction that DNA replicates?

Answer 16

template 3 to 5
daughter 5 to 3

Question 17

What is the leading strand?

Answer 17

same direction of replication fork and one long continuous polymer

Question 18

What is the lagging strand?

Answer 18

opposite direction of replication fork and short discontinous pieces

Question 19

What are the short chunks of the lagging strand called?

Answer 19

okazaki fragments

Question 20

What connects the fragments of the lagging strand together?

Answer 20

DNA ligase

Question 21

Explain transcription

Answer 21

As a region of DNA unwinds, one strand is used as a template for the synthesis of an RNA transcript that is complementary in sequence to the template according to the base-pairing rules, except that the transcript contains U (uracil) where the template contains A (adenine)

Question 22

What is termination?

Answer 22

step three of transcription RNA polymerase encounters a sequence in the template strand that causes transcription to stop and the RNA transcript to be released

Question 22

What are the stages of transcription?

Answer 22

initiation elongation termination

Question 22

What is elongation?

Answer 22

step two of transcription successive nucleotides are added to the 3′ end of the growing RNA transcript as the RNA polymerase proceeds along the template strand

Question 22

What is initiation?

Answer 22

step one of transcription RNA polymerase and other proteins are attracted to double-stranded DNA

Question 23

What are promotors?

Answer 23

regions of typically a few hundred base pairs where RNA polymerase and associated proteins bind to DNA

Question 24

What happens at a terminator?

Answer 24

transcription stops at the terminator, and the transcript is released

Question 25

Molecules of mRNA that code for multiple proteins are known as ____

Answer 25

polycistronic mRNA

Question 26

What is the bond between two amino acids?

Answer 26

peptide bond

Question 26

RNA to proteins is .....

Answer 26

translation

Question 26

DNA to RNA is ...

Answer 26

transcription

Question 27

Explain the structure of a ribosome

Answer 27

the large subunit of the ribosome includes three binding sites for molecules of transfer RNA (tRNA), which are called the aminoacyl (A) site, the peptidyl (P) site, and the exit (E) site.

Question 28

What is a codon?

Answer 28

Each nonoverlapping group of three adjacent nucleotides

Question 29

Sexual reproduction increases genetic diversity through what three mechanisms?

Answer 29

- homologous recombination (crossing over) - independent assortment - random fertilization

Question 30

What is a genotype?

Answer 30

the genetic composition of an individual

Question 31

AA

Answer 31

homozygous dominant

Question 32

Bb

Answer 32

Heterozygous

Question 33

dd

Answer 33

Homozygous recessive

Question 34

What is dominance?

Answer 34

the dominant allele is the one that causes the phenotype big allele = the one you see

Question 35

What is phenotype?

Answer 35

the appearance of an individual what trait we see