final exam two

Question 1

Why would you use a test cross?

Answer 1

to identify an unknown genotype of the same phenotype

Question 2

Which of the following statements does NOT correctly describe the role of the protein during DNA replication?
- Helicase breaks the hydrogen bonds between the nitrogenous bases to unwind DNA
-DNA polymerase adds nucleotides on the newly synthesized strand
-Primase adds an RNA primer
-RNA polymerase removes the RNA primer

Answer 2

RNA polymerase removes the RNA primer

Question 3

Transcription factors are made of what type of biomolecule polymers?

Answer 3

proteins

Question 4

Promoter sequences are made of what type of biomolecule polymers?

Answer 4

nucleic acids

Question 5

Answer 5

splicing together exons

Question 6

Two identical joined copies of a replicated chromosome are called

Answer 6

sister chromatids

Question 7

Two chromosomes that are the same size, same shape, same genes in the same place but can have different alleles are called

Answer 7

homologous chromosomes

Question 8

Mitosis produces…

Answer 8

identical daughter cells

Question 9

What does meiosis do…

Answer 9

reduces the number of chromosomes in half

Question 10

Answer 10

anaphase
telophase/cytokinesis
prometaphase
metaphase

Question 11

Sister chromatids form during what phase

Answer 11

s phase

Question 12

In what phase do you prepare for mitosis and make proteins for spindle

Answer 12

g2 phase

Question 13

in what phase does sister chromatids separate

Answer 13

m phase

Question 14

What is the central dogma?

Answer 14

Question 15

The catalyst for the making of the phosphodiester bond is

Answer 15

the enzyme DNA polymerase

Question 16

In dna replication which one is the template strand

Answer 16

old
3 to 5
non coding

Question 17

put the following DNA replication events in order

Answer 17

2-5-1-4-6-3

Question 18

What happens after mRNA is transcribed
(4 things)

Answer 18

• 5 cap is added
• 3 poly a tail is added
• splicing occurs
• mRNA is exported to cytoplasm

Question 19

A mutation is

-usually within a gene
-a phenotype that has been changed by a mutagen
-an incorrect sequence that causes a disease
-any change in the nucleotide sequence of the DNA
-any change in the RNA made during transcription

Answer 19

any change in the nucleotide sequence of the DNA

Question 20

RNA Polymerase catalyzes WHAT. The enzyme makes the new RNA in the WHAT direction. The synthesized RNA is read by the ribosome in the WHAT

Answer 20

RNA Polymerase catalyzes RNA synthesis. The enzyme makes the new RNA in the 5’ –> 3’ direction. The synthesized RNA is read by the ribosome in the 5’ –> 3’

Question 21

A cell cycle “checkpoint” would be best described as:

Answer 21

specific stages where further progress of the cell cycle can be halted

Question 22

The color of a bird is governed by a single gene. Blue is the dominant trait while white is the recessive trait. If you have a blue bird how can you determine if it is heterozygous or homozygous for the dominant trait?

Answer 22

Cross the blue bird to a white bird

Question 23

mRNA is made using what as a template?

Answer 23

DNA sequence

Question 24

what are the coding and template strand in this

Answer 24

Question 24

transcription is initiated at DNA regions called...

Answer 24

promoters

Question 24

transcription factors bind to...

Answer 24

the promoter

Question 25

what catalyzes transcription

Answer 25

RNA polymerase

Question 26

mRNA is read by a ribosome in three nucleotide units called...

Answer 26

codons

Question 27

what is a codon

Answer 27

three nucleotide units that codes for an amino acid or stop signal

Question 28

what are the three main types of RNA

Answer 28

mRNA (messenger) tRNA (transfer) rRNA (ribosomal)

Question 29

what are the 5 components for translation

Answer 29

-mRNA -factors (initiation, elongation, release) -amino acyl tRNA synthetases -tRNA rRNA

Question 30

what are amino acyl tRNA synthetases

Answer 30

enzymes that charge tRNA

Question 31

what does the E site do

Answer 31

holds the tRNA that will exit

Question 32

what does the P site do

Answer 32

holds the tRNA with growing polypeptide chain attached

Question 33

what does the A site do

Answer 33

holds the aminoacyl tRNA

Question 34

when AUG is found it joins with what site

Answer 34

P

Question 35

what happens after AUG binds with the P site

Answer 35

met tRNA and initiation factors are released and another tRNA complementary to the next codon binds to the A site

Question 36

what is elongation

Answer 36

ribosome shifts one codon to the right, which moves uncharges tRNA to E site and next tRNA to P site making the A site free

Question 37

what is termination

Answer 37

elongation continues till a STOP codon is in the A site, release factor binds to A site and polypeptide is released from tRNA

Question 38

what is the steps of transcription

Answer 38

1. transcription factors bind to the promoter 2. transcription factors recruit RNA polymerase and open up the helix 3. RNA polymerase uses DNA as template to make new RNA

Question 39

What happens after mRNA is transcribed

Answer 39

- 5 cap is added - 3 poly A tail is added - splicing occurs - mRNA is exported to cytoplasm

Question 40

sexual reproduction increases genetic diversity through what key mechanisms

Answer 40

1. homologous recombination (crossing over) 2. independent assortment 3. random fertilization

Question 41

what is homologous recombination

Answer 41

crossing over

Question 42

what is an allele

Answer 42

alternative forms of a gene that lead to different traits

Question 43

alleles are different versions of what

Answer 43

alleles are different versions of a gene

Question 44

what is genotype

Answer 44

the genetic composition of an individual

Question 45

letters of Homozygous dominant

Answer 45

AA

Question 46

letters of hetrozygous

Answer 46

Bb

Question 47

letters of homozygous recessive

Answer 47

dd

Question 48

what is phenotype

Answer 48

the appearance of an individual

Question 49

genetic makeup of a cell or organism

Answer 49

genotype

Question 50

observed characteristics

Answer 50

phenotype

Question 51

different forms of any gene

Answer 51

alleles

Question 52

two copies of the same allele

Answer 52

homozygous

Question 53

two copies of different alleles

Answer 53

heterozygous

Question 54

true breeding

Answer 54

physical appearance of offspring is identical to parents

Question 55

A true-breeding black rabbit is crossed with a true-breeding white rabbit to produce an F1 generation of 16 individuals. If the black color trait is dominant, which of the outcomes represents the expected phenotype of an F1 generation cross?

Answer 55

all black rabbits

Question 56

In the F2 generation of a homozygous yellow-seed (AA) X homozygous green-seed (aa) cross in peas, two peas are chosen at random. What is the probability that one is homozygous yellow (AA) and the other is homozygous green (aa)?

Answer 56

(1/4) x (1/4) = (1/16)

Question 57

Suppose that in humans the ability to roll the tongue (R) is dominant to being unable to roll it (r). Having freckles (F) is dominant to having no freckles (f). A freckled tongue-roller could have which genotypes?

Answer 57

RrFf RRFF

Question 58

DNA replication in what phase results in sister chromatids

Answer 58

S phase

Question 59

What are components necessary for eukaryotic transcription?

Answer 59

RNA polymerase, general transcription factors, DNA, and RNA nucleotides

Question 60

A template DNA strand contains the sequence 5'-ATGCTGAC-3'. The corresponding sequence in the RNA transcript is:

Answer 60

5'-GUCAGCAU-3'

Question 61

If you made a change in the promoter sequence in the DNA that inactivates the promoter, what would happen at the RNA level?

Answer 61

The RNA polymerase would not be able to recognize and bind the DNA, so no RNA would be made

Question 62

What is the name of the enzyme complex that is responsible for synthesis of RNA?

Answer 62

RNA polymerase

Question 63

true or false All RNA is translated to generate proteins

Answer 63

false