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Animal Nutrition and Physiology > exam 2 > Flashcards

exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

blood vessels are made up of arteries, viens, and capilliaries. what chamber does each come from? where does is take blood to?

A

arteries: come from the left arterial system as a pressure reservioir and take blood away from the heart
viens: blood reservior comes from the right venous system and brings blood towards the heart
capiallies: exchange takes place and blood becomes oxygenated

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2
Q

ANSWER FULLLY

which system is the pressure reservior? what does this mean?

A
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3
Q

ANSWERFULLY

which system is the blood reservior? what does this mean?

A
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4
Q

what is splanchnic circulation?

A

the digestive blood suppy that serves digestive organs and the hepatic portal circulation

hepat= liver

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5
Q

what does the arterial sysem consist of?

A

the celiac artery (trunk):
- spleen: splenic
- stomach: gastric
- liver: hepatic

mesentaric arties:
- superior mesentaric: small intestine
- inferior mesentaric: large intesting (colon)

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6
Q

what is the the HPV?

A

HPV: hepatic portal vien is the common drainage of capillaries that carries blood from the GI tract (alimentary canal), gallbladder, pancreas, amd spleen to the liver and blood flows into infrioer vena cava

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7
Q

what are the three main function of the liver?

A
  1. detoxify certain toxins
  2. first pass effect (drugs)
  3. “change” nutrients
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8
Q

true or false: any substances must be absorbed from the GI tract must pass through the stomach before entering the blood stream

A

false, it must pass through the liver to detox

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9
Q

hepatic viens drain BLANK and blood flows into BLANK

A
  1. liver (and HPV)
  2. inferior vena cava
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10
Q

where does blood flow back to?

A

the right atrium of the heart

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11
Q

true or false: secretions can be endocrine or exocrine

what does each mean?

A

true!
endocrine: released inside the cell into body (blood)
exocrine: outside the cell, leaves the body

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12
Q

can secretions release across apical membrane of endocrine glands?

A

no, in unicellular glands, they cannot
so this would NOT occur in the stomatch or instinces where simple columnar epitheleal cells line the lumen

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13
Q

do exocrine or endocrine or both have secretion ducts?

A

only exocrine has ducts that release to the outside world and can be unicellular or multicellular plands

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14
Q

true or false: unicellular endocrine glands can secrete into intersitital fluid.

A

true! unicellular endocrine glands make secretions across basolateral membranes, into interstitial fluid and NOT apically in the the “entero” intestine/ stomach lumen

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15
Q

in the pH of the digestive sytem, H+ becomes higher, what happens to the pH?

A

the pH is lower, more acidic, sub 7

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16
Q

in the pH of the digestive sytem, OH- becomes higher, what happens to the pH?

A

the pH is higher, more basic, above 7

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17
Q

what is the neutral pH of the body?

A

7

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18
Q

what is the built in buffers that help the body maintain a neutral pH? where is it found in the body

A

Carbonic anhydrase is an enzyme made by GI tract/ accessory organ cells

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19
Q

true or false: there are similar pHs found along the GI tract to maintain neutrality of the digestive system

A

false! the pH increases (becoming more basic) as it moves along the digestive tract because enzymes are specific and funtion in different parts

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20
Q

is the pH low or high across the apical membrane of gastic cells?

A

lower pH

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21
Q

is the pH low or high across the basolateral membrane of gastic cells?

A

higher pH (more HCO3- ions)

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22
Q

is the pH low or high across the apical membrane of pancreatic duct cells?

A

**cell with ducts and accessory organ are exocrine! **so the pH is high across the apical membrane

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23
Q

is the pH low or high across the basolateral membrane of pancreatic duct cells?

A

the pH is low

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24
Q

what are the two main systems of the nervous system?

A
  • central
  • peripheral
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25
Q

what three sub systems comprise the peripheral nervous system?

A
  • autonomic: sympathetic, parasympathetic
  • somatic: motor neurons, skeletal muscles
  • enteric: digestive organs
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26
Q

know the organization of the nervous system:
CNS vs PNS
autonomic, somatic, enteric
what each control

A
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27
Q

parasympatheic nerves are refered to as “BLANK and BLANK”, why?

A

rest and digest

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28
Q

sypathetic nerves are refered to as “ BLANK or BLANK”. why?

A

fight or flight

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29
Q

what are the functions of saliva?

A
  • cleanses mouth
  • dissolves food chemical
  • moistens food/ lubrication (helps bolus compaction)
  • starts chemical digestion (enzymes)
  • defense
  • buffer
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30
Q

what are the three major salivary glands?

A
  1. partoid
  2. submandibular
  3. sublingual
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31
Q

how does the exocrine secretions relate to digestive salivary glands?

A

there are ducts in the oral cavity that a triggered by the sight and smell of food which initatiate secretions by the parasympathetic nervous system

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32
Q

what are the four salivary glands in other animals?

A
  1. parotid
  2. sublingual
  3. (sub) mandibular
  4. buccal
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33
Q

what is the salivary gland modification in snakes?

A

venom is a derivative of saliva and starts the digestive process in snakes

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34
Q

what are the three salivary gland cell types?

A
  1. serous: produces serous water secretion that contain enzymes and ions
  2. mucous: produces mucus
  3. ductal
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35
Q

know the anatomy of salivary glands

A

cubiodal epithelial

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36
Q

what is the compostion of saliva?

A

99% water
metabolic wastes (urea/ uric acid)
electrolytes

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37
Q

what are the five salivary enzymes?

A
  1. lingual lipase
  2. salivary amylase
  3. lysozyome proteins
  4. IgA immunoglobulin
  5. mucin protein
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38
Q

what does lingal lipase, salivary amylase, lysozymes, IgA, and mucin break down?

A
  1. lingual lipase: triglyceride into monoglyceride and free fatty acids
  2. salivary amylase: glucose (starch) polymers into disaccharides
  3. lysozyome proteins: breaks down microbial cell walls
  4. IgA immunoglobulin: binds to and neutralizes pathogens
  5. mucin protein: hydrophillic oligoprotein
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39
Q

true or false: lingual lipase breaks down carbohydrates

A

false! carbohydrates are a sugar/ starch/ glucose polymer which is broken down my salivary amylase

lingual lipase breaks from triglyercides into monoglycerides and ffree fatty acids

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40
Q

what are the organs of the alimentary canal?

A
  • Mouth
  • Pharynx
  • Esophagus
  • Stomach
  • Small intestine
  • Large Intestine
  • Rectum/anus
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41
Q

true or false: there are more nerves in the GI tract than the spinal cord

A

true!

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42
Q

what are the two sets of nerves?

A
  1. intrinsic: enteric nervous system
  2. extrinsic: parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system

para: “rest and digest”
symp: “flight or flight”

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43
Q

the enteric nervous system is made up of what two plexuses?

A

the ENS is made of the myenteric nerve plexus which is inbetween the two musulcaris externa (longitudinal and circular) layers of the GI tract
and the submucosal never plexus within the submucosa layer of the GI tract

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44
Q

true ot false: the ENS is only functiong because of CNS communication

A

false!
ENS can be autonomous (no CNS integration) containing [afferent neurons, interneurons, and efferent neurons]
or can communicate with CNS

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45
Q

what are the effectors of the ENS?

A
  • smooth muscle
  • glands
  • secretions
  • blood vessels
46
Q

what is a reflex arc and what are the two reflex arcs types of the ENS?

A

reflex arc: a rapid and involuntary response to stimulus that does not require integration (no CNS) in the brain
1. short reflex
2. long reflex

47
Q

what is the short reflex arc?

A

it is a response mediated entirely by the ENS and does NOT require CNS (spinal chord) integration as the stimulus is from within the GI tract

48
Q

what is the long reflex arc?

A

response that involes CNS regulation that is stimulated from external or interal triggers of the GI tract

49
Q

is sight and smell are stimulus of short or long reflexes? how so?

A

it is a long reflex stimulus because they are from outside the GI tract

50
Q

understand this picture

A

done

51
Q

what is known as the site of ingestion? what type(s) of ingestion is this?

A

the mouth is the beginning of mechanical chemical ingestion
mechanical: teeth and jaw muscles break down food
chemical: salivary enzymes screted by glands

52
Q

parts of the oral cavity and their roles for ingestion

A

lips and cheek: holds food between teeeth
palate: soft and hard sperates nasal and oral cavity
- soft: made of skeletal muscle that closes the nasopharynx during swallowing
- hard: made of palatine and maxillae bones

53
Q

tongue compostion and function

A

compostion: made of skeletal muscle
function: has five diffferent taste receptors and forces food up against palate to make bolus of food, also used for speech, initatates swallowing towards, tasting

54
Q

tongue function relative to snakes/ reptiles

A

smelling, olfaction

55
Q

tongue function relative to crocodiles

A

secretion of excess salt

56
Q

tongue function relative to giraffes/ chameleons

A

obtaining food
giraffe: reaching into the tree
chameleon: shooting out to attach and retrieve

57
Q

how many teeth do humans have? and what are the four types?

A

there are 32 adult human teeth made of incisors, cainies, premolars, and molars

58
Q

how many of the total adult human teeth are:
inscisors
cainines
premolars
molars

A

inscisors: 8
cainines:4
premolars: 8
molars: 12

59
Q

shape of adult human teeth:
inscisors
cainines
premolars
molars

A

inscisors: chisel-shaped, sharp
cainines: fang-like
premolars: transitional between canines and molars
molars: rocky

60
Q

function of adult human teeth:
inscisors
cainines
premolars
molars

A

inscisors: used for cutting off pieces of food, bitting chunks
cainines: for tearing, ripping, piercing, grasping food
premolares: transitional teeth of cainine “tearing/ pirecing” and transfering to molars
molars: upper and lower lock to grind food together

61
Q

which tooth type grows continuously long in rodents and lagomorphs?

A

inscisors

62
Q

how are incisors important for herbivores?

A

tearing/ clipping vegetation
**some lack UPPER incisors

63
Q

true or false: some animals dont have teeth

A

true! birds have a keratinized bill/ beak variation for mechanical digestion

64
Q

tooth structure

A

crown: white portion exposed and covered in enamle calcified in salt
dentin: calcium collegen
root: nerves and blood vessels

65
Q

oral epithelium

A

statified squamous epithelium resists abrasion and cuts and some areas are keratinized for extra protection from water loss

66
Q

what is the function of the pharynx?

A

common passageway for food and air

67
Q

what are the three parts of the pharnyx?

A
  1. naso: only air
  2. oro: air and food
  3. laryngo: air and food
68
Q

true or false: the oropharynx is the passage way for air only and connects mouth to the esophagus

A

false! the naso is for air only and the laryngo connects to the esophagus

69
Q

the esophagus touches which two parts of the GI tract

A

the larnygopharynx and the stomach

70
Q

is the esophageal tube open or collapsed most of the time?

A

collapsed, when no food is present- unlike always open trachea

71
Q

what is the primary function of the esophagus?

A

peristalsis: movement of the food bolus, contracting behind and relaxation of mucsles in front of

72
Q

what are the four layers of the esophageal muscular tube?

A
  1. Mucosa: Stratified squamous epithelium
  2. Submucosa: arelor elastin connective tissue
  3. Muscularis externa: circular and longitudinal for peristalsis
  4. Adventitia: fubrous connective tissue outside peritoneum
73
Q

what are the two sphincters of the esophagus?

A
  1. UES: upper esophogeal sphincter
  2. LES: lower esophogeal sphincter (cardiac)
74
Q

what is the crop?

A

storage organ in some bird’s esophagus for food because they have to quickly ingest and move as they are prey to many animals

75
Q

what are the three swallowing phases in humans?

A
  1. buccal: voluntary movementin the mouth using teeth to create bolus
  2. pharyngeal: involuntary smooth muscle movement where uvula rises to block nasocavity, larnyx rises to block epiglottis, and UES relaxes so bolus can move into esophagus
  3. Esophageal: involuntary as *UES contracts *after bolus enters, peristaltic movement, *LES relaxes *for bolus to move into stomach
76
Q

true or false: when you bite, you can still breathe

A

true! biting allows air flow of the naso cavity but when you swallow, the uvula rises to block the naso cavity and you can not breathe

77
Q

what are the three primary functions of the stomach?

A
  1. temporary storage of food
  2. mechanical break down
  3. chemical break down of proteins by proteases begins
78
Q

histology of the stomach relates to what?

A

the crop in some birds for temporary food storage

79
Q

what is rugae?

A

the temporary ridges in the stomach that increase surface area to volume ratio as it expands to accommodate more food

80
Q

what is chyme?

A

the food bolus and the addition of gastric juices mixed

81
Q

what is the entry and exit of the stomach?

A

entry: (cardiac) lower esophegeal sphincter
exit: pyloric sphincter

82
Q

what are the four regions of the stomach?

A
  1. cardia
  2. fundus
  3. body
  4. pyrloric part (antrum, pyloric narrowing canal, pylorus)
83
Q

function of the cardia

A

many mucous glands that secretes lots of mucus that protect esophagus from stomach acids (HCl) and enzymes

mucus can be acidic or basic

84
Q

function of the fundus

A

dome shaped portion that stores gas and makes contact with the diaphragm and has gastic glands that secrete most stomach enzymes and acids

85
Q

what cell type lines the GI tract’s inner layer from the stomach to rectum?

A

simple columnar epithelium

86
Q

what is the fourth layer around the stomach?

A

serosa, its in the peritoneal cavity

87
Q

the body function of the stomach

A

largest, middle section, mixing tank made of the layers of muscularis extera (sloshing of chyme) by the gastic glands that secrete most stomach enzymes and acids

88
Q

pyloric part of the stomach function and its three parts

A

glands sectere mucus and hormones to continue sloshing

  1. antrum: connected to the middle body
  2. pyloric canal: narrowing of the pyloric part
  3. pylorus: termination of the stomach (sphincter) , continous with SI (small intestine)
89
Q

what is the first layer of the stomach cells comprised of?

lining the lumen

A

the mucosa is made up of 1. epithelium 2.lamina propia and 3. muscularis mucosa

90
Q

the composition of the epithelial cells of the stomach

A

simple (single layer) columnar epithelium secrets alkaine (basic) mucus to neutralize the pH

91
Q

what are gastric gland cells? where are they located?

A

located in along the invaginations of the epithleium of the stomach, gastric glands host four cell types:
1. mucous neck cells
2. parietal cells
3. chief cell
4. enteroendocrine cells

92
Q

what are the functions of the four gastric gland cells? which are endocrine? exocrine?

A
  1. mucous neck cells: exocrine cells that secrete acidic mucus
  2. parietal cells: exocrine cells secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl) as seperate ions into stomach lumen by proton pump (H+)
  3. chief cell: exocrine cells that produce and secrete pepsinogen (the zymogen precursor of pepsin)
  4. enteroendocrine cells: endocrine cells secrete substance into the lamina propia (D and G cells) mostly in the antrum
93
Q

what is the pH of the stomach?

A

1-2

94
Q

proton pump: what is into to the cell? out of the cell? how does it neutralize? integreal chemical compound incorporated?

A

governed by parietal cells, the proton pump uses a H+-K+ ATPase to pump H+ into the lumen and K+ into the cells (which eventually leaves down the concentration gradient with no added energy) after H+ dissociates from HCO3- from Carbonic anhydrase

95
Q

how does pepsinogen become pepsin?

A

pepsinogen is the zymogen precusror that is excreated by cheif cells to become activated pepsin (protease) after cleaveage by stomach’s low pH to denature proteins

96
Q

where are D and G cells primarily located along the digestive tract?

what are they?

A

secreted from stomach enteroendocrine cells, D and G cells are in the antrum of the stomach (first 1/3) of the pyloric part

97
Q

how does HCl enter the stomach lumen?

A
  1. H comes from dissocation from carbonic anhydrase and the H+-K+ proton pump
  2. Cl- is exchanged for the basic HCO3- from intersitial fluid the basolateral membrane of the parital cell through the apical mambrane into a “leak” channel
98
Q

important enzymes excreted by chief cells

A
  1. pepsin: protease that denatures proteins
    - endopepsin: cleaves the middle/ inside proteins
    - exopepsin: cleaves -NH3 (amino) or -COOH (carboxly) end
  2. gastric lipase: breaks down triglycerides into a monoglyceride and fatty acids
99
Q

what is the function of the two enteroendocrine cells?

A

G cells: gastrin stimulates the secretion of HCl from parietal cells and increases “gastric juice”
D cells: somatostatin (growth inhibiting hormone) inhibits gastrin from accumulating excess acidity

100
Q

what are the three methods the stomach uses to protect itself from digestion?

A
  1. secreting HCl ions seperately by carbonic anhydrase ions
  2. epithelial tight junctions to prevent paracellulare (between cell) diffusion of gastric juice
  3. mitotic division replenishing damaged epithelial cells every 3-6 days
101
Q

what are the three parts of the small intestine?

A

enters from the pyloric valve of the stomach, exiting by the ileocecal valve
1. duodenum
2. jejunum
3. ileum

102
Q

functions of the three parts of the small intestine

A
  1. duodenum: first, shortest section of the SI containing duodenal papilla where pancreatic juice and bile enter the SI; nuetralization of acicdic chyme from the pancreas and gall bladder
  2. jejunum: second subdivision where MOST aborption takes place
  3. ileum: last, longest part (2/3 of SI) joins at large intesting at ileocecal valve
103
Q

dimensions of the small intestine?

A

20 ft long, about half the diameter of the large intestine

104
Q

how does the small intestine increase surface area?

A
  1. deep, perpmanent (1cm) high mucosa and submucosa circular folds slows down movement of chyme to increase absorption
  2. vili: finger like projections (1mm) high of the epithelial and lamina propia (blood and lymphatic vessels) mucosa to digest food absorbed
  3. microvili: cytoplasmic extension of absorptive enterocyte cells giving a “brush boarder” fuzzy appearence
105
Q

cell types of small intestine mucosa

A
  • Enterocytes- microvili
  • Goblet Cells- mucus
  • Enteroendocrine Cells- S and I cells
  • Paneth Cells- immune
  • Stem Cells- regeneration
106
Q

what are the two types of enteroendocrine intestinal cells?

A

I cells: produces chloecystokinin to increase the secretion of the pancrease and slow down movement in the stomach to ensure digestion
S cells: produces secretin

107
Q

what are the five parts of the large intestine?

A

from the ileocecal valve to anus
1. cecum: recieves chyme from the SI
2. appendix: contains masses of lyphoid tissue
3. colon: water absorbed, four regions, indigestible matter made into feces
4. rectum: storage for fecal matter
5. anal canal: the exit of the abdominopelvic cavity, two sphincters (interal, smooth and external, skeletal)

108
Q

what are the four regions of the colon?

A
  1. ascending
  2. transverse
  3. decending
  4. sigmoid
109
Q

what is the major function of the large intestine?

A

absorb remaining water, store indigestible material, eliminate indigestible material, absorb microbial metabolites

110
Q
A

Animal Nutrition and Physiology (10 decks)

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