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Pharmacology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

(54 cards)

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1
Q

Chemical name

A

most meaningful to the chemist

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2
Q

Generic name

A

common name; can be used in any country and by any manufacturer

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3
Q

brand name

A

trademarked name; name is registered and the use of the name is restricted to the owner of the drug

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4
Q

package inserts

A

Concise description of the drug, indications and precautions for clinical use, recommendations for dosage, known adverse reactions, contraindications, and other pharmacologic info relating to the drug

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5
Q

nursing journals

A

articles about drug therapy as it relates to a specific field of interest

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6
Q

nursing journals pupose

A

obtain professional knowledge of current evidence-based practice changes and they should not be used as a primary source for drug info

Check accuracy of info and validate

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7
Q

example of nursing journal

A

RN & American Journal of Nursing- provide drug updates and articles that discuss nursing considerations related to drug therapy and drugs

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8
Q

Daily med

A

electronic database

Sponsored by US National Library of Medicine

Provides a database for new package inserts

is searchable by product name, indications, dosage and admin, warnings, description of drug product, active and inactive ingredients, and how the drug is supplied

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9
Q

AHFS drug info

A
  • Contains monographs about virtually every drug available in the US
  • Describes therapeutic use of drug
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10
Q

drug facts and comparisons

A
  • Drug monographs that describe all drugs in a therapeutic class
  • Formatted as tables to allow comparison of similar products, brand names, manufacturers, cost indices, and available dosage forms
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11
Q

ASHP’S Handbook on injectable drugs

A
  • Monographs about 360 injectable drugs
  • Sections on: available concentrations, compatibility with other drugs, dosage, rate of admin, stability, pH
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12
Q

Handbook of nonprescription drugs: An interactive approach of self-care

A
  • Most comprehensive Info about over-the-counter meds
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13
Q

Martindale: The complete drug reference

A
  • Most comprehensive info about drugs in current use throughout the world
  • Contains international names, pharmacologic activity, side effects
  • Contains more than 6400 drugs
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14
Q

Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database

A
  • Scientific gold standard
  • Info about herbal meds and combo products involving herbal meds
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15
Q

Food, drug, and cosmetic Act of 1938

A
  • Requires new drugs be safe, and pure
  • Enforced by FDA
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16
Q

Durham-Humphrey Amendment to the food, Drug and Cosmetic Act

A
  • Gives FDA power to determine which products may be sold with and without prescription
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17
Q

Kefauver-Harris Amendment (1962)

A
  • Requires proof of efficacy and safety for meds released since 1938
  • Guidelines for reporting info about adverse reactions, clinical tests, and advertising new drugs
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18
Q

Comprehensive Drug Abuse and Control Act (1970)

A
  • Outlines strict controls in the manufacture, distribution, and prescribing of habit forming drugs
  • Establishes drug schedules and programs to prevent addiction
  • Established DEA
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19
Q

Dietary Supplemental Health and Education (1994)

A
  • Almost all herbal, vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and chemicals used for health are reclassified as dietary supplements
  • Allows label to include info about how these affect the human body
  • Label must contain statement that the product has not been evaluated by the FDA for treating, curing, or preventing disease
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20
Q

order of 4 stages of bringing new drugs to market

A

preclinical research and development
clinical research and development
new drug application review
post marketing surveillance

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21
Q

Preclinical research and development

A
  • goal at this stage is to use laboratory studies to determine whether the experimental drug has therapeutic value and whether the drug appears to be safe in animals
  • may require 1-3 years of data collection
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22
Q

Clinical research and development

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Stage where humans are 1st tested
  • May last 2-10 years
23
Q

new drug application review

Study These Flashcards
A
  • sufficient data have been collected to demonstrate that the experimental drug is both safe and effective, the investigator submits an NDA to the FDA to formally request approval to market a new drug for human use.
  • Review takes about 24 months
24
Q

post marketing surveillance

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Manufacturer decides to market med
  • consists of an ongoing review of adverse effects of the new drug and periodic inspections of the manufacturing facilities and the resulting products
25
fast-tracking
expedite development and approval of drugs for treatment of life-threatening illnesses
26
Parallel tracking
conducted along with the principal controlled clinical trials; however, unlike a controlled study, the parallel track study does not involve a concurrent control group.
27
half-life
o the amount of time required for 50% of the drug to be eliminated from the body o always divide in half at the half-life time
28
5 stages drugs go through
liberation absorption distribution metabolism excretion
29
liberation
drug being released from the dosage form (tab, capsule) and dissolved in body fluids before it can be absorbed
30
absorption
the process where a drug is transferred from its site of entry into the body to the circulating fluids (i.e., blood and lymph) for distribution around the body
31
distribution
the transport of the drug throughout the entire body by the blood and lymphatic systems and the transport from the circulating fluids into and out of the fluids that bathe the receptor sites.
32
metabolism
process where the body inactivates drugs
33
excretion
The elimination of drug metabolites and, in some cases, of the active drug itself
34
desired action
expected response
35
common adverse effects
mild unexpected response
36
serious adverse effects
can lead to toxicity
37
allergic reactions
occur among patients who have previously been exposed to a drug and whose immune systems have developed antibodies to the drug
38
idiosyncratic reactions
occurs when something unusual or abnormal happens when a drug is first administered
39
additive effect
Two drugs with similar actions are taken for an increased effect
40
synergistic effect
combined effect of two drugs is greater than the sum of the effect of each drug given together
41
antagonistic effect
One drug interferes with the action of another
42
displacement
first drug removed from binding sites by 2nd drug which increases activity of 1st drug because more unbound drug is available
43
interference
first drug inhibits the metabolism or excretion of the second drug, thereby causing increased activity of the second drug
44
incompatibility
first drug is chemically incompatible with the second drug, thereby causing deterioration when the drugs are mixed in the same syringe or solution or are administered together at the same site
45
placebo effect
a patient’s positive expectations about treatment and the care received can positively affect the outcome of therapy
46
Nocebo effect
believed that negative expectations about therapy and the care received plays a major role in psychogenic illness, especially in stress-related problems, because the patient may worry about their condition or treatment
47
drug dependence
occurs when a person is unable to control a desire for ingestion of drugs
48
tolerance
occurs when a person begins to require a higher dosage of a medication to produce the same effects that a lower dosage once provided
49
drug accumulation
drug may accumulate in the body if the next dose is administered before the previously administered dose has been metabolized or excreted May result in drug toxicity
50
how does metabolic rate effect meds
higher= larger doses lower= smaller dose smoker= may need higher dose
51
how does illness effect meds
Can alter rate of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drug
52
Nursing implications for pediatric
base off heigh and weight underdeveloped organs dilute appropriately
53
nursing implications for pregnant
avoid drugs if possible instruct to avoid drugs, alcohol, tobacco try nonpharmacologic treatments before meds avoid herbal med
54
source for new info about use of drugs during pregnant and lactation
Lactation & pregnancy meds resource: LactMed

Pharmacology (11 decks)

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