Exam 2 Flashcards by Carly D

bitch-

intact female dog

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dog/stud-

intact male dog

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whelp-

pup; young dog

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whelping-

giving birth to whelps

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pack-

group of dogs

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litter-

multiple off spring born during same labor

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feline-

cats

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tom-

intact male cat/turkey

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queen-

intact female cat

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kitten-

young cat

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queening-

giving birth to kittens

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lagomorph-

rabbits

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buck-

intact male rabbit

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doe-

intact female rabbit

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kit-

young rabbit/ferret

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hob-

intact male ferret

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jill-

intact female ferret

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gib-

neutered male ferret

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sprite-

spayed female ferret

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psittacine-

parrots

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cock-

intact male parrot

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hen-

intact female parrot

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chick-

young parrot/chicken

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murine-

mice and rats

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pup-

young mouse or rat

clutch-

group of eggs

rooster-

sexually mature male chicken (AKA: cock)

hen-

intact female chicken

pullet-

immature female chicken

poult-

young turkey/chicken

anserine-

geese/ducks

gander-

intact male goose

goose-

intact female goose

gosling-

young goose

drake-

intact male duck

duck-

intact female duck

duckling-

young duck

porcine-

pigs/swine

boar-

intact male pig

sow-

intact female pig

barrow-

male pig castrated when young

farrowing-

giving birth to pigs

equine-

horse/ponies/donkeys/mules

stalion-

intact male equine (4 y.o.)

colt-

intact male equine (4 y.o.)

filly-

intact female equine (4 y.o.)

gelding-

castrated male equine

mare-

intact female equine (4 y.o.)

foal-

young equine (male/female)

weanling-

young equine (1 y.o.)

yearling-

young equine between 1 and 2 y.o.

foaling-

giving birth to equine

pony-

equine between 8.2 ad 14.2 hands when mature (not young)

burro-

donkey

jack-

intact male donkey

jenny-

intact female donkey

ovine-

sheep

ram-

intact male doney

ewe-

intact female sheep

wether-

castrated male sheep

lamb-

young sheep

caprine-

goats

buck-

intact male goat

doe-

intact female goat

kid-

young goat

kidding-

giving birth to goats

camelid-

llamas/alpacas/guanocos

cria-

young llama

cavy-

guinea pigs

boar-

intact male guinea pig

sow-

intact female guinea pig

bovine-

cattle

bull-

intact male bovine

cow-

intact female bovine that has given birth

steer-

male bovine castrated when young

heifer-

young female bovine that has not given birth

calf-

young bovine

calving-

giving birth to cattle

freshening-

giving birth to dairy animals

springing heifer-

young female pregnant with first calf

definition of human-animal bond

a mutually beneficial and dynamic relationship between people and other animals that is influenced by behaviors that are essential to the well being of both

The Veterinary Professional’s Role in euthanasia

- Preparing the Client - Preparation can begin early in the pet’s life - Personal beliefs - The difficult task of timing - Explain the procedure

__________ is critical to a smooth euthanasia when the owners are present

Communication

Definition of Euthanasia

provide the animal with a quick and painless death, with minimal stress and anxiety

Death in Euthanasia is produced by

- Hypoxia | - Disruption of brain activity

Inhalation Euthanasia

- Completed with an enclosed chamber or induction mask used to deliver Inhalation anesthetics - induces a state of unconsciousness and a second method is used to cause death

Intravenous injection Euthanasia

Most rapid and reliable, and a very desirable method for performing euthanasia; takes 3-5 minutes for death to occur

Intracardiac Injection Euthanasia

- Over dose of an anesthetic agent injected into the thoracic cavity - Most painful method if not administered correctly - Takes 3-5 seconds for death to occur

Captive Bolt, Gunshot Euthanasia

- Placement is between the eyes | - Used on large animals

Electrocution/Stunning Euthanasia

- Use of electricity to render the animal unconscious | - Used on large animals

Exsanguination Euthanasia

- Release of blood from the entire body, caused by cutting the jugular vein - Used on large animals

Cervical dislocation Euthanasia

- Separation of the axis and atlas - Animal is usually rendered unconscious by inhalation before separation - Used on small birds, immature rats and rabbits, and mice

Pithing Euthanasia

- Injection of a sharp object into the brain stem - Not commonly used - Used on frogs

Decapitation Euthanasia

- Removal of the head with a guillotine | - Used for tissue on immature rats, mice, and rabbits

Verification of death methods:

- Check for eye reflex - Vitals:Pulse,Respiration - Cardiac stand still

Disposal of Euthanized

cremation, burial

Stages of Grief:

- Denial - Bargaining - Anger - Guilt - Sorrow - Resolution - Loneliness - Replacement

Behavioral Problems seen in Dogs

- Jumping - Obsessive behavior - Aggression - Separation anxiety - Fear, nervousness - Excessive barking - Excitability - House soiling, marking - Spinning/tail chasing - Fear of thunder - Chewing

Behavioral Problems seen in Cats

- Fear - Aggression - Repetitive behavior - Spraying/elimination problems - Destructive behavior

Behavioral problems seen in birds

- Screaming - Aggression - Feather plucking - Self-mutilation

What is behavior and where does it come from

- For any behavior to occur there must be a stimulus, some external or internal change that exceeds a threshold, causing stimulation of the nervous and/or endocrine systems - This stimulation requires chemical messengers in the animal’s body - Some problem behaviors are due to increased or decreased amounts of chemicals

Animal behaviors result from a combination of _______ _________ and what the animal learns as it develops

genetic inheritance

Diseases also play a role in animal behavior problems, such as ____________ in dogs, __________ in cats, and _____________ ______________ in older animals

hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, cognitive dysfunction

Basic Learning Theory

- Positive reinforcement - Rewarding stimulus immediately following a “good behavior” - Must occur within 3-5 seconds - Clicker Training

Negative reinforcement

- Often confused with punishment | - Traditional dog training method: Pulling up on a leash, Sitting

Punishment

- Most overused and misused behavior modification - Punishment “after the fact” is not effective - Can only teach an animal what not to do; cannot teach appropriate behavior

Systematic desensitization

-Process of exposing animal to a stimuli that causes a problem -Provokes: Anxiety/fear, Dominance aggression

_________ is the most common problem for which owners seek guidance

Aggression

Separation anxiety

animal becomes anxious and distressed when separated from owner

D.A.P. (Dog Appeasing Pheromone)

Electric diffuser helps calm and reassure your dog. Stops or prevents fear and stress in puppies and adult dogs

Obsessive Compulsive Disorders (OCD)

Normal behavior for the species, that is repetitive or constant, even to the point of being damaging to the animal

examples of OCD

Lick Granuloma, Flank or Tail Sucking, Tail Chasing, Shadow Chasing, Fly Snapping

Cognitive Dysfunction

A clinical state seen in older pets where their cognitive function declines

Causes of House soiling:

Territorial marking, Not house broken

_______ is the most important and first behaviors that young pets are expected to learn

Housetraining

____________ requires that the dog be taken out frequently, especially when it wakes up, after it eats, and whenever it appears to be sniffing around the house

Housebreaking

The puppy or dog’s confinement must not exceed the time the animal can control...

its bladder and bowels

Cats can be readily trained to use a _______

litter box

The litter box should offer some ______

privacy

Cats may avoid litter that is consistently _____, _____. or ______.

dirty, too deep, or scented

Common behavior problems in the Cat

House soiling, Spraying, Aggression

Aggression is behavior that is

intended to harm another individual

#1 public health concern in children

Aggression

_____ ________ animals are typically fearful of people or may attach strongly to one or two individuals but are unable to generalize this acceptance to unfamiliar individuals

Poorly socialized

The digestive system is referred to as the:

- digestive system (or tract) - alimentary system - GI system (or tract)

The digestive system is basically a long, muscular tube that begins at the _____ and ends at the ______

mouth, anus

Functions of the digestive system: (3)

- intake and digestion of food and water - absorption of nutrients - elimination of solid wastes

Boundaries of the mouth are the ____ and _____

maxilla, mandible

forms the roof of the mouth

palate

movable muscular organ

Tongue

gloss/o and lingu/o

Tongue

front, cutting tooth

Incisor

long, pointed bonelike tooth for grasping and tearing

Canine

cheek tooth that grinds food

Premolar

caudal cheek tooth that grinds food

Molar

abnormal mineralized deposit that forms on teeth; AKA: tartar

Dental Calculus

inflammation of the tissue surrounding and supporting the teeth

Periodontitis or Periodontal disease

surgical removal of a tooth

Extraction

the mucous membrane that surrounds the teeth

Gingiva

inflammation of the gums

Gingivitis

groups of cells that secrete saliva

Salivary glands

sialaden/o and sial/o

Salivary glands

the cavity in the caudal oral cavity that joins the respiratory and gastrointestinal systems; AKA: throat

pharynx

a collapsible, muscular tube that leads from the oral cavity to the stomach; AKA: gullet

esophagus

abnormally large esophagus

Megaesophagus

Also known as the peritoneal or abdominal cavity

abdomen

the membrane lining that covers the abdominal and pelvic cavity and some of the organs in this area

peritoneum

a saclike organ that aides in digestion of food

stomach

gastr/o

stomach

inflammation of the stomach

Gastritis

inflammation of the stomach and the small intestine

Gastroenteritis

animals have one true, glandular stomach

Monogastric

have one true, glandular stomach plus three forestomachs

Ruminants

largest part of ruminant stomach that serves as a fermentation vat

Rumen

most cranial portion of the ruminant stomach

Reticulum

third part of the ruminant stomach that squeezes fluid out of the food bolus

Omasum

fourth part of the ruminant stomach that is the true glandular stomach

Abomasum

Small intestine extends from the ________ to the _______________ _______________

pylorus, large intestine

Enter/o

small intestine

inflammation of the small intestine

Enteritis

proximal part of the small intestine

duodenum

middle part of the small intestine

jejunum

distal part of the small intestine

ileum

Four segments of the large intestine:

Cecum, Colon, Rectum, Anus

inflammation of the colon

Colitis

abnormally large colon

Megacolon

located caudal to the diaphragm

Liver

hepat/o

Liver

degenerative disease that affects the structure and function of the liver

Cirrhosis

Inflammation of the liver

Hepatitis

located on the undersurface of the liver; stores bile

Gallbladder

inflammation of the gallbladder

Cholecystitis

organ that secretes digestive enzymes and hormones

Pancreas

metabolic disease in which the pancreas does not secrete adequate amounts of digestive enzymes

Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI)

inflammation of the pancreas

Pancreatitis

the process of breaking down foods into nutrients that the body can use

Digestion

the processes involved in the body’s use of nutrients

Metabolism

the process of taking digested nutrients into the circulatory system; AKA: assimilation

Absorption

Absorption occurs in the ________ ________

small intestine

contrast material used for radiographic studies

Barium

introduction of fluid into the rectum

Enema

removal of tissue to examine

Biopsy

_______ ________ can be used to detect some diseases of the GI tract

Blood tests

visual examination of the interior of any cavity of the body

Endoscopy

can be used to detect parasitic diseases of animals

Fecal examinations

imaging of internal body structures by recording echoes of sound waves

Ultrasound

lack or loss of appetite

Anorexia

abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen

Ascites

severe abdominal pain

Colic

condition of prolonged GI transit time, making the stool hard, dry, and difficult to pass

Constipation

ingestion of fecal material

Coprophagia

condition of excessive loss of body water or fluid

Dehydration

abnormal frequency and liquidity of fecal material

Diarrhea

disease of ruminants in which the 4th stomach becomes trapped under the rumen

Displaced abomasum (DA)

marked wasting or excessive lameness

Emaciation

forcible vomiting

Emesis

condition usually seen in deep chested dogs in which the stomach fills with air and expands

Gastric dilatation volvulus (GDV)

elevated blood glucose

Hyperglycemia

low blood glucose

Hypoglycemia

stoppage of intestinal movement

Ileus

obstruction of an area, usually when the feed is too dry

Impaction

protrusion of bowel through the inguinal canal; protrusion seen in the groin

Inguinal hernia

telescoping of one part of the intestine into an adjacent part

Intussusception

yellow discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes caused by elevated bilirubin levels; AKA: icterus

Jaundice

condition of drowsiness

Lethargy

impaired uptake of nutrients from the intestine

Malabsorption

black tarry stools containing digested blood

Melena

stomach upset or sensation of the urge to vomit

Nausea

complete stoppage or impairment to passage

Intestinal Obstruction

small growth on the mucous membrane

Polyp

protrusion of viscera (organ)

Prolapse

inflammation of the mouth

Stomatitis

erosion of tissue

Ulcer

surgical puncture to remove fluid from the abdomen

Abdominocentesis

substance that prevents frequent and liquid stool

Antidiarrheal

rounded mass of food or large pharmaceutical preparation or to give something rapidly

Bolus

produces vomiting

Emetic

prevents vomiting

Antiemetic

abnormal passage from an internal organ to the body surface or between two internal organs

Fistula

surgical incision into the abdomen

Laparotomy

placement of a tube through the nose into the stomach

Nasogastric intubation

passage of a tube from the mouth to the stomach

Orogastric intubation

_________ system removes wastes from the body

urinary

system that maintains homeostasis or a constant internal environment within the body

urinary

waste product filtered by the kidney

Urea

Urin/o and ur/o

urinary system

Urine is formed in the ______

kidneys

inflammation of the kidneys

Nephritis

a pair of narrow tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder

Ureters

Ureter/o

ureter

a singular hollow muscular organ that holds urine

urinary bladder

Cyst/o

urinary bladder

a tube extending from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body

urethra

Urethr/o

urethra

The process of urine production

uropoiesis

-poiesis

formation

means cloudy

Turbid

the surgical puncture of the urinary bladder, usually to collect urine. A cystocentesis is performed with a needle and syringe

Cystocentesis

examination of urine components; abbreviated UA

Urinalysis

insertion of a tube through the urethra and into the urinary bladder.

Urinary catheterization

the hollow tube that is inserted into a body cavity to inject or remove fluid.

catheter

abnormal mineral deposit

Calculus

fibrous or protein materials found in the urine with renal disease or other abnormalities

Casts

naturally produced angular solid of definitive form

Crystals

inflammation of the urinary bladder

Cystitis

most common cause of cystitis in cats

Feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD)

eliminating urine at the wrong time or in the wrong place

Inappropriate urination

inability to control urine.

Incontinence

inability of the kidneys to function

Renal failure

is the sudden onset of the inability of the kidneys to function

Acute

the progressive onset of the inability of the kidneys to function

Chronic

increased urine production

Polyuria

increased thirst

Polydipsia

elevated excretion of urine

Diuresis

drugs that increase urine production

Diuretics

waste products in the blood. Uremia is seen with many types of kidney disease

Uremia

inability to completely empty the urinary bladder

Urinary retention

invasion of microorganisms into the urinary system; abbreviated UTI

Urinary tract infection

urinary bladder stone

Urolith

surgical incision into the urinary bladder

Cystotomy

surgical removal of a kidney

Nephrectomy

the surgical creation of a permanent opening between the urethra and the skin between the anus and scrotum

Perineal urethrostomy (PU)

pertaining to the heart and blood vessels

Cardiovascular

The heart is located inside the ________ or _______ _________

thoracic, chest cavity

a double-walled membrane that surrounds the heart

pericardium

Peri-

around

The upper chambers of the heart are known as _______

atria

The lower chambers of the heart are known as ________

ventricles

a membranous fold in the heart

valve

valv/o and valvul/o

valve

The rate and regularity of the heart rhythm

heartbeat

volume of blood pumped by the heart per unit time

Cardiac output

abnormal heart rhythm (also known as dysrhythmia)

Arrhythmia

abnormally slow heartbeat

Bradycardia

abnormally fast heartbeat

Tachycardia

(ECG or EKG) is the record of the electrical activity of the myocardium

Electrocardiogram

is listening to body sounds with a stethoscope

Auscultation

abnormal sound associated with turbulent blood flow

murmur

are blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart

Arteries

angi/o and vas/o

vessel

single-cell thick vessels that connect the arterial and venous systems

Capillaries

blood vessels that carry blood toward the heart

Veins

drawing blood from a vein using a needle and syringe

Venipuncture

the tension exerted by blood on the arterial walls

Blood pressure

the rhythmic expansion and contraction of an artery produced by pressure

pulse

evaluating heart structures using sound waves

Echocardiography

constricting band applied to a limb to control bleeding or to assist in drawing blood.

Tourniquet

heart enlargement

Cardiomegaly

disease of heart muscle

Cardiomyopathy

insufficient cardiac output to meet the body’s needs; abbreviated CHF

Congestive heart failure

accumulation of fluid in heart

Congestion

accumulation of fluid in intercellular spaces in heart

Edema

substances that increase urine excretion

Diuretics

heartworm infection found in dogs, cats, and ferrets

Dirofilariasis

larvae

Microfilariae

obstruction of blood flow caused by heavy heartworm infestation

Caval syndrome

prevention

Prophylaxis

inflammation of the heart

Endocarditis

below-normal levels of oxygen

Hypoxia

inadequate tissue perfusion that can occur after cardiac arrest or cessation of heartbeat.

Shock

treatment of shock, which may include fluid administration, cardiac massage, and artificial respiration

Resuscitation

use of electrical shock to restore the normal heart rhythm

Defibrillation

introduction of whole blood or blood components into the bloodstream of the recipient

Transfusion

blood flow through tissues

Perfusion

the body system that brings oxygen from the air into the body for delivery via the blood to the cells

respiratory system

the exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) between the atmosphere and the body cells

Respiration

Air enters and exits the body through the _____

nose

nas/o and rhin/o

nose

the area from the back of the nasal cavity and mouth to the larynx; AKA: throat

pharynx

the area between the pharynx and the trachea; AKA: voice box

larynx

extends from the neck to the chest and passes air from the larynx to the thoracic cavity

trachea

The trachea divides into two branches to form ___________

bronchi

main organ of respiration

lung

the inhalation and exhalation of air

Breathing

the drawing in of a breath

Inspiration

the release of a breath

Expiration

absence of breathing

Apnea

difficult or labored breathing

Dyspnea

respirations near death or extreme suffering

Agonal breathing

inadequate supply of oxygen to tissue

Hypoxia

act of listening

Auscultation

number of respirations per minute

Respiratory rate

instrument used to visually examine the voice box

Laryngoscope

thick mucous

Phlegm

puncture of chest with a needle to obtain fluid

Thoracocentesis

sterile collection of fluid from the trachea via a catheter

Transtracheal wash

inhalation of a foreign substance into the upper respiratory system

Aspiration

chronic allergic disorder

Asthma

inflammation of the bronchi; can be acute or chronic

Bronchitis

abnormal condition of blue discoloration

Cyanosis

localized protective response to destroy, dilute, or wall off injury

Inflammation

inflammation of the voice box

Laryngitis

abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural space

Pleural effusion

abnormal condition of the lung that usually involves inflammation and congestion

Pneumonia

abnormal accumulation of air or gas in the chest cavity

Pneumothorax

accumulation of fluid in the lung tissue

Pulmonary edema

inflammation of the nasal mucous membranes

Rhinitis

inflammation of a sinus

Sinusitis

common term for upper respiratory disease of rabbits

Snuffles

inflammation of the wind pipe or trachea

Tracheitis

invasion of nose, mouth, pharynx, epiglottis, larynx, or trachea by pathogenic organisms

Upper respiratory infection (URI)

a sudden noisy expulsion of air from the lungs

Cough

hollow device inserted into the thoracic cavity to remove fluid or gas

Chest Tube

passage of a tube through the oral cavity, pharynx, and larynx into the trachea; provides patent airway for anesthetics, oxygen

Endotracheal intubation

surgical incision into the windpipe

Tracheostomy

Exam 2 Flashcards

(345 cards)