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Flashcards in Exam 2 Deck (42)
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1
Q

DNA Structure

A

Phosphate, Sugar, Nitrogenous Base

2
Q

Purine

A

Two rings- Adenine, Guanine

3
Q

Prymidines

A

One ring- Cytosine,Thymine/Uracil

4
Q

A-T, C,G chemical bond

A

Hydrogen

5
Q

Basic definition of transcription

A

Transfers info from DNA to mRNA..happens in nucleus

6
Q

Basic definition of translation

A

Transfers info from mRNA to polypeptide..happens in cytoplasm–>ribosomes

7
Q

Initiation of transcription

A
  • Enzymes unzip the DNA double helix-exposing template strand
  • RNA polymerase binds to promoter
8
Q

Elongation of transcription

A
  • RNA polymerase moves along 3’ to 5’

- RNA polymerase adds nucleotides only to 3’

9
Q

Termination of transcription

A
  • Occurs at the terminator sequence in the gene
  • RNA polymerase detaches from the DNA and releases new RNA
  • DNA which returns to double helix
10
Q

mRNA is altered before leaving the nucleus in Eukaryotes…

A

1) Addition of 5’ cap and 3’ Poly A Tail
2) Introns removed
3) Exons spliced together
4) Leaves nucleus to be translated

11
Q

Initiation of Translation

A

1) Small ribosomal unit binds to 5’ end of the leader sequence
2) tRNA brings first amino acid
3) Large ribosomal subunit binds to small unit to complete initiation

12
Q

Elongation of Translation

A

4) Another tRNA brings 2nd amino acid to bind to codon
5) Ribosome releases first tRNA
6) tRNA continue to be used and bring amino acids to the growing chain

13
Q

Termination of Translation

A

1) No tRNA responds to the stop codon
2) Release factors bind to stop codon
3) Small & Large subunits separate and new polypeptide is released

14
Q

Lac Operon (lactose example)

A

Repressor blocks transcription when no lactose is present, when lactose is present they bind to the repressor, releasing it from the DNA. RNA polymerase moves along and transcription of enzymes that breakdown lactose are produced.

15
Q

Protein production transcription/translation (12 steps)

A

1) TATA binding protein attaches to TATA box
2) Transcription factors
3) DNA bends bringing transcription factors together w/ TATA binding protein
4) RNA polymerase starts reading template strand
5) RNA polymerase reaches terminator region
6) 5’ cap and 3’ poly A tail are added
7) Introns spliced out
8) Small ribosomal unit attaches to mRNA
9) 1st tRNA brings methionine to ribosome
10) Large ribosomal unit attaches to small
11) Dehydration synthesis joins amino acids
12) Stop codon enters ribosomal complex

16
Q

DNA replication happens in..

A

Interphase, S phase

17
Q

DNA replication order of proteins

A
  1. Helicase: unzips double helix
  2. Binding proteins: stabilize each strand
  3. Primase: adds short RNA primer to template
  4. DNA polymerase: binds nucleotides
  5. Ligase: Joins ozarki fragments and creates covalent bonds between adjacent DNA segments
18
Q

Helicase

A

Unzips double helix

19
Q

Primase

A

Adds short RNA primer to template strand

20
Q

Ligase

A

Joins ozarki fragments (lagging strand)

21
Q

Chromosomes condense, spindle fibers form

A

Prophase

22
Q

Nuclear membrane assembles

A

Telephase

23
Q

Crossing over occurs in…

A

Prophase 1

24
Q

Homologous chromosomes are found in…

A

Meiosis 1

25
Q

Prophase 1 is haploid or diploid?

A

diploid

26
Q

Metaphase 1 is haploid or diploid?

A

diploid

27
Q

Prophase 2 is haploid or diploid?

A

haploid

28
Q

Metaphase 2 is haploid or diploid?

A

haploid

29
Q

Sister chromatids separate in..

A

Anaphase 2

30
Q

Homologous chromosomes separate in..

A

Anaphase 1

31
Q

Independent assortment happens in..

A

Metaphase 1

32
Q

Meiosis II results in..

A

4 nonidentical haploid daughter cells

33
Q

Epistasis

A

One gene masks anothers phenotype

34
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

1)Primary spermatocyte (diploid)
2) Secondary spermatocyte (diploid)
3) early spermatids (haploid)
4) Late spermatids (haploid)
= four haploid sperm

35
Q

Oogenesis

A

1) Primary oocyte
2) Secondary oocyte
3) Meiosis II completes only if fertilized

36
Q

Crossing over likely hood

A

Far apart genes on chromosome are more likely to cross over

37
Q

Type A blood

A

I^a I^a or I^a i: anti B

38
Q

Type B blood

A

I^BI^B or I^Bi: Anti A

39
Q

Type AB blood

A

I^AI^B: no antibodies/Universal receiver

40
Q

Type O blood

A

ii: Anti A & B/Universal Donar

41
Q

How to find recombination frequency

A

Take 2 smallest numbers and divide by the total then multiply by 100=%

42
Q

recombination frequency equal number of:

A

map units