Exam 3

Question 1

Evolutionary thought of darwin and Wallace

Answer 1

• Individuals in a population are different

- Natural selection

Question 2

Evolutionary thought of George Cuvier

Answer 2

• Palentology
• Catastrophism: species reappear after catastrophes
• Superposition:New rock on top, visa vera

Question 3

Evolutionary thought of Lamarack

Answer 3

• Model to explain how life evolved
• 1) Use and disuse
• 2) inheritance of acquired traits
• New species come from existing species through environmental forces

Question 4

Evolutionary thought of Charles Lyell

Answer 4

• Realized the earth has to be older than 6000 years

- “principles of geology”

Question 5

3 observations of natural selection

Answer 5

1) Genetic variation
2) Limited resources
3) overproduction of offspring

Question 6

3 inferences of natural selection

Answer 6

1) Struggle for existence
2) Unequal reproductive success (Natural selection)
3) Descent with modification-natural selection can change the characteristics of populations

Question 7

Artificial selection

Answer 7

Human chooses desired traits (brown/white egg example)

Question 8

5 Assumptions of Hardy Weinburg

Answer 8

1. Natural selection doesn’t occur
2. No mutations
3. Population is infinitely large
4. Random mating
5. No migration

Question 9

2 Equations of HW equilibrium

Answer 9

p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1

p + q = 1

Question 10

p^2

Answer 10

frequency of homozygous dominant

Question 11

2pq

Answer 11

frequency of heterozygous

Question 12

q^2

Answer 12

Frequency of Homozygous recessive

Question 13

Sexual selection directly influences..

Answer 13

reproductive success

Question 14

Four factors that contribute to evolution

Answer 14

1) genetic drift
2) migration
3) mutation
4) non random mating

Question 15

Bottleneck effect

Answer 15

ex: Disaster kills individuals non selectively

Question 16

Founder effect

Answer 16

ex: Colonization of new location by few individuals

- Accidentally float to uncolonized island and reproduce

Question 17

Sexual dimorphism

Answer 17

Diffrenece in appearance between males and females

Question 18

Sexual selection

Answer 18

Type of natural selection resulting from variation in the ability to obtain mates

Question 19

INTRAsexual selection

Answer 19

Compete among themselves for access to opposite sex

Question 20

IINTERsexual selection

Answer 20

ex: female birds choose mate based on the males nesting ability or the male shows bright colors to attract females

Question 21

Pre-zygotic reproductive barriers (5)

Answer 21

1. Habitat
2. Temporal
3. Behavioral
4. Mechanical
5. Gametic

Question 22

Post-zygotic reproductive barriers (3)

Answer 22

1) Hybrid inviability
2) Hybrid infertility
3) Hybrid breakdown

Question 23

Allopatric speciation

Answer 23

Separated by geographical barrier

Question 24

Sympatric speciation

Answer 24

Continuos contact between populations (shallow/deep waters)

Question 25

Parapatric speciation

Answer 25

Populations share a border area (grassland and forest)

Question 26

Relaitive dating vs absolute dating

Answer 26

Relative: occurrence in rock layers | Absolute/radiometric dating: based on decay rates of radioactive atoms

Question 27

Adaptive radiation

Answer 27

Multiple new species from a single ancestral type in a short time

Question 28

After death no more ____ comes in.

Answer 28

C14

Question 29

One half of C14 decays every _____ years

Answer 29

5,730

Question 30

Convergent evolution

Answer 30

Acquisition of similar characteristics in species from different evolutionary branches (butterfly wings and bat wings)

Question 31

Bird wings are __1__ to bat limbs and __2__ to bat wings

Answer 31

1) Homologous | 2) Analogous

Question 32

Monophyletic grouping

Answer 32

All organisms of a common ancestor

Question 33

Paraphyletic grouping

Answer 33

Most organisms of a common ancestor but not all decedents of that ancestor

Question 34

Polyphyletic grouping

Answer 34

Excludes most of the common ancestors ; not based on homology

Question 35

Features shared by most animals

Answer 35

1. Multicellular, eukaryotic 2. Heterotropic via indigestion 3. Card reserves stored as glycogen 4. No cell walls 5. Nervous tissue & muscle tissue 6. Diploid stage dominants the life cycle 7. Gastrulation after bastula stage

Question 36

Examples of phylum Porifera

Answer 36

Sponges

Question 37

Examples of phylum Cnidaria

Answer 37

Hydras, jellyfish, corals, sea anemones

Question 38

Examples of phylum Platyhelminthes

Answer 38

Planaria, flatworms, tapeworms, flukes

Question 39

Molluska examples

Answer 39

Bivalves, chitons, snails, slugs, squids, octopuses,oysters, clams

Question 40

Annelida examples

Answer 40

Earthworms, leeches

Question 41

Nematoda examples

Answer 41

Roundworms

Question 42

Arthropoda examples

Answer 42

Horseshoe crabs, spiders, scorpions, crusteans, insects

Question 43

Echinodermata examples

Answer 43

Sea star, sea urchins, sand dollars

Question 44

Chordata examples

Answer 44

Tunicates, lancelets, fish, amphibians, reptiles, mammals