Exam 2 Flashcards
(72 cards)
0
Q
Proton
A
Positive particle
1
Q
Atom
A
Smallest unit of matter
2
Q
Non reactive element
A
Element who’s shells are full and are not likely to react
3
Q
Reactive element
A
Will react with another element to fill up the outer electron shell
4
Q
Atomic number
A
of protons in nucleus
5
Q
Atomic weight
A
Weight of protons and neutrons
6
Q
Polar molecule
A
Unequal distribution of charge
7
Q
Electron she’ll
A
2, 8, 8,18, 18, 18 etc
92 naturally occurring elements
8
Q
Element
A
Substance that have all same atoms
9
Q
Covalent bond
A
Chemical bond between 2+ atoms sharing pairs of electrons.
More common in living orgs
Carbon forms covalent bonds easily (4free)
10
Q
Ionic bonds
A
Takes an electron or gives
Cation+
Anions-
11
Q
Hydrogen bond
A
Hydrogen bonds covalently to O and N
Electrons aren’t shared equally
Attractions are weak
12
Q
Strengths of bonds
A
Covalent- strongest
Ionic- middle man
Hydrogen- weakest (5% strength of covalent)
13
Q
Endergonic reactions
A
Requires energy (ATP)
14
Q
Exergonic reactions
A
Releases energy
15
Q
Anabolism
A
Synthesis reaction
A + B —> AB
16
Q
Catabolism
A
Decomposition reaction
AB —> A + B
17
Q
Exchange reaction
A
Usually requires enzymes
AB + CD —> AD + BC
18
Q
What molecule is water
A
Polar
19
Q
What important characteristics does polar give water
A
Molecule forms 4 hydrogen bonds to other water molecules
- high boiling pt
- ice less dense than water
Good solvent for charged polar molecules
- synthesis and dehydration reactions
- temp buffer
20
Q
Acid
A
Hydrogen donor (H+)
21
Q
Base
A
Hydrogen ion acceptor (OH-)
22
Q
Salt
A
Substance that dissociates in water
Neither H+ or OH-
23
Q
Organic molecules
A
Always have carbon
Structurally complex
All life is organic
24
Why do organic molecules make up 99% of all living mater?
Carbon based
25
What % of cell makeup is inorganic
1.5%
| Except water
26
What are the four major categories of organic molecules
Carbohydrates- sugars
Lipids- fats and triglycerides
Proteins
Nucleic acids
27
Function of carbos
```
Building block of DNA
Structural (peptidoglycan, cellulose)
Synthesis of fats and amino acids
Food reserves of glycogen
Energy(ATP)
```
28
Functions of lipids
Structure of cell membranes (phospholipids)
| Energy storage from fat
29
Function of proteins
```
Enzymes
Carrier protein molecules
Defense mechanism
Movement of flagella
Structure of call walls
Regulation of hormones
```
30
Function of nucleic acids
DNA
| Ribonuclease acid
31
3 carbo structures
Monosaccharides- simple building blocks
Disaccharides- 2 monos attached by dehydration
Polysaccharides- 8+ monos
32
Simple lipid
Glycerol and fatty acids
33
Complex lipid
Phospholipid
Glycerol fatty acid and phosphate group
34
What are the building blocks of proteins
```
Amino acids (20 naturally occurring)
Bound by peptide bonds
```
35
Protein structures
Primary- sequence of amino acids(polypeptide)
Secondary- helix and pleated sheet
Tertiary- 3D structures (disulfide s-s bond)
Quaternary- 2+ polypeptide chains
36
Building blocks of nucleic acid
```
Nucleotides
Are made of
1. 5 carbon sugar- deoxyribose or ribose
2. Base- Adenine guanine cytosine and thymine or uracil
3. Phosphate
```
37
Bac cell shapes
Coccus - low s/v resists drying
Bacillus
Spiral- high s/v ratio sensitive to drying
38
Virulence
Degree to which a pathogen causes disease
39
What ate the two types of glycocalyx and functions
```
1. Capsule- firmly attached to cell wall
•protects cell from light
• attach to tissue
•food
2. Slime layer- loosely attached
•trap nutrients
•prevent dessication (drying out)
```
40
Eukaryote glycocalyx
Carbos covalently bonded to plasma mem
1. Strengthen cells
2. Attachment ability
3. Cell to cell recognition
41
Bac flagellum
1. Hooks- attached filament to motor
2. Filament- protein and hollow core
3. Basal body- anchor and motor
Run and tumble
1. HAg
2. OAg
3. KAg
42
Bac flagellum arrangement
Monotrichous- single
Amphitricous- tuft at each pole
Lophotrichous- tuft at one pole
Peritrichous- everywhere
43
Eukaryote flagella
Enclosed by plasma membrane
Moves in wavelike motion
44
What is taxis and 2 types
Movement of bac due to stimuli
1. Chemotaxis- chemical stimuli
2. Phototaxis- light stimuli
45
What is axial filament
Internal flagella beneath outer sheath
Moves through tissues like a drill and fluids
Only in spirochaetes
46
Fimbriae
Polar position over whole surface
Few- 100 per cell
Function- adherence
47
Pilli
Sex pilli
Longer than a fimbriae
1-2 per cell
Function- transfer DNA during conjunction
48
Function of cell wall
1. Shape
2. Protect membranes from environ changes
3. Resist osmotic pressure
4. Anchorage for external structure (flagella)
49
Cell wall makeup
```
Major component is peptidoglycan
Nag and nam
Tetra peptide (4 amino acids attached to nam)
```
50
What is teichoic acid
Alcohol (glycerol/ribitol and phosphate)
Regulates cations in and out of cell
Regulates autolysins that degrade cell wall
Antigen for ID
Anchors cell wall to cell membrane
In gram +
51
What is a lipopolysaccharide
In outer membrane of gram -
Heat stable
Weakly immunogenic
Toxic in high doses
Capable of producing fever, blood clots, shock and death
52
Lysozyme
Enzyme that breaks down the nam and nag
| Destroys cell wall
53
Penicillin
Presents cross linking from occurring
| Works on gm+ because g+ doesn't have an extra outer membrane
54
Function of cell membrane
Separate environment from self
Selectively permeable
Energy production in prokaryotes
Cell to cell recognition
55
Cell membrane makeup
Prokaryotes- phospholipids and proteins
| Eukaryotes- phospholipids and few proteins. Carbos and sterols
56
Fluid mosaic structure
Phospholipids and proteins move laterally and freely
57
Simple diffusion
Movement of small molecules
58
Facilitated diffusion
Transport of larger molecules using a plasma membrane protein
59
Group translocation
Multiple proteins may be required
Molecules changed during transport
Doesn't occur in eukaryotes
60
What is cytoplasm
Substance inside the plasma membrane
| 80% water
61
Prokaryote genomes
```
Singular chromosome
Circular
No histones
Found in nuclieod
Plasmids
```
62
Eukaryote genomes
```
Multi chromosomes
Linear
Histones
Found in nucleus
No plasmids
```
63
Plasmid
Small circular extra chromosomal DNA foundd in prokaryote cells
Carry resistance genes
Fertility plasmid
Carry metabolism genes
Used as cloning vector
64
Ribosome
Site of protein synthesis
65
Inclusion body
Reserve deposits
66
What is the transmission of rabies
Bites
Aerosol through the mucus membranes
Then spreads from the peripheral nerves to brain and spinal cord
67
Symptoms of rabies in humans
Flu like symptoms (fever headache malaise)
Discomfort at site of bite
Cerebral dysfunction, anx, confusion, hydrophobia
abnormal behavior, hallucinations insomnia
68
Symptoms of rabies in animals
Fever, loss of apatite, behavioral change
Eat everything, aggression, seizures
Choking, inability to swallow, drooling
69
Cause of rabies
Rhabdoviriidae lyssavirus
Neg stranded RNA genome
Bullet shape virion
70
Treatment of rabies
Washing of wound with soap and water
| One dose of immune globulin and 4 doses of rabies vaccine over a 14 day time
71
Where are rabies found most
Hot spot on east coast USA
| Nit in Hawaii, Nevada,Australia, European countries,Japan new a
