Notes Flashcards
(88 cards)
0
Q
Catabolism
A
Breaking down of compounds
- release energy
- providing building blocks
1
Q
Metabolism
A
Sum of all chemical reactions within a living org
2
Q
Anabolism
A
Building of compounds
- requires energy
- use up of building blocks
3
Q
Which reaction uses ATP?
A
Both catabolism and anabolism
4
Q
What is a catalyst in reaction of cells
A
An enzyme because it lowers activation of energy without being permanently altered
5
Q
What is produced in catabolism is…
A
Used up in anabolism
6
Q
What is an enzyme.
A
A protein
Starts all reactions
7
Q
What is the size of an enzyme
A
300 amino acid at least
8
Q
Composition of an enzyme
A
Apoenzyme
Coeenzyme
Cofactor
Activation site
9
Q
App enzyme
A
Protein (main part of enzyme)
May act on its own depending on enzyme
10
Q
Coenzyme
A
Organic molecule (non protein)
Might be required
11
Q
Cofactor
A
Inorganic molecule (non protein)
Might be required
12
Q
Activation site
A
Where substrate binds and shape of site is essential
13
Q
Example of a coenzyme
A
Vitamins
14
Q
Example of a cofactor
A
Something not carbon based like:
- calcium
- Na
- Fe
15
Q
Structure of enzymes
A
- Primary
- Secondary
- Tertiary
- Quaternary
16
Q
Denature
A
Loss of conformation or shape
- no longer active
- caused by high temp or extreme pH
17
Q
What is a specific target for antibiotics
A
The enzymes of a cell (denature)
18
Q
What do most enzymes, names end with
A
-Ase
DNase, catalase, Urase
19
Q
Production of enzymes
A
Constitutive- produced all the time activity doesn’t change
Inducible- environ. Causes increase pro&activity
Repressible- environ. Causes decrease pro&activity
20
Q
What is a exoenzymes
A
A enzyme that is secretes by bacteria that acts as a virulence factor
Ex. DNase,
21
Q
Activity of enzymes
A
- Active site
- Forms substrate complex
- Sub. Is transformed to products
- Products are released
- Enzyme is recycled
22
Q
What are 3 factors that influence enzyme activity
A
- temp
- pH
- Substrate concentration
23
Q
How does a low temp or a high temp affect an enzyme
A
High- protein denatures or unfolds because noncovalent bonds are broken
Low- molecules move more slowly, enzymes becomes rigid
24
What effect will high pH have on an enzyme
High- cause enzyme to denature (because of H bonds)
25
What are the enzyme inhibitors
- competitive
| - noncompetitive
26
Competitive enzyme inhibitors
1. Binds to ACTIVE site
| 2. Doesn't undergo any reaction or change (the enzyme)
27
Irreversible inhibitor
Substrate completely inhibits enzyme
28
Reversible inhibitors
Come and go
29
Noncompetitive inhibitors
1. Binds to ALLOSTERIC (not active site)
2. Causes active site to change shape
3. Can be reversible or irreversible
4.
30
Feedback inhibition
(Noncompetitive)
An end product in a series of reactions inhibit the first enzyme in the series
(Keeps cell from wasting resources)
31
Dehydrogenation
Movement of a hydrogen ion and an electron
32
Ways of generation of ATP
1. Substrate level phosphorylation
| 2. Oxidative phosphorylation
33
Substrate level phosphorylation
The high energy phosphate is transferred from a substrate to ADP to produce ATP
34
Oxidation reduction reaction
Oxidation- lose of an electron
Reduction- gain electron
These are coupled
35
Oxidative phosphorylation
Electrons are transported down a chain of proteins and energy is produced by chemiosmosis
36
How is energy produced In OR reactions
By the electro going through several reactions
37
2 processes to produce energy from glucose
1. Cellular respiration(inorganic)
| 2. Fermentation(organic)
38
Cellular respiration (2pt)
1. Aerobic- o2 as final electron acceptor in process
| 2. Anaerobic- another I organic molecule being the final electron acceptor in process
39
Primary energy source for cells
Carbos
#1 glucose
40
Glucose
,ost common carbo energy source used by cells
41
Fermentation
Organic molecule as the final electron acceptor
42
Glycolysis (embden-meyerhoff pathway)
1. Glucose being oxidized --> 10 reactions--> 2 pyruvic acids
2. Most orgs use this pathway
3. Means splitting of sugar
4. Net gain of 2 NADH and 2 adp for every glucose molecules
5. Don't need o2
Occurred in cytoplasm
43
Aerobic stages
1. Glycolysis
2. Karens cycle
3. Electron transport
44
For every one glucose molecule that goes through glycolysis you get what
2 NADH and 2 ATP per glucose molecule
45
In glycolysis how is ATP made
From substrate level phosphorylation
46
Krebs cycle (tricarboxyic acid cycle)
Doesn't occur in anaerobic orgs
2 pyruvic acids-> steps -> cycle
Occurs:
Eukaryotes- mitochondria matrix
Prokaryote- cytoplasm
47
In the Krebs cycle and in glycolysis how is ATP made
From substrate level phosphorylation where adp is converted to ATP
48
Net gain during Rebs cycle
8 NADH
2 ATP
2 FADH2
6 CO2
49
What is NAD+ and FAD
Coenzymes
| Have potential to become an electron carrier
50
What is NADH and FADH2
Electron acceptors/carriers
51
Electron transport chain
Passing of electrons from carrier to carrier
52
Chemiosmosis
Chemi- Chemical gradient due to pH
Osmosis- osmotic gradient due to higher concentration outside the cell than inside
53
What is the final electron acceptor aerobic reaction
O2
54
Anaerobic respiration
Use something other than o2 as final electron acceptor (NO3-, SO42-)
Not as efficient as aerobic
Will use same parts if pathway as aerobic
55
What can inhibit the electron transport chain
Cyanide, co2, antibiotic antimycin a
56
Also knows as "hamburger disease"
Escherichia coli
57
Does fermentation need o2
No, but still can occurs in the presence of o2
58
What has to occurs to occurs before fermentation
Glycolysis
59
How much ATP is produced during fermentation and how
A small amount of ATP because the only ATP is produced during glycolysis 2
60
What doesn't occur during fermentation
The Rebs cycle and transport chain
61
Where in the body does fermentation occur
In muscles with lactic acid
62
Uses an organic molecule as final electron acceptor
Fermentation
63
Main end products of fermentation
1. Acid
2. Alcohol
3. Gas
64
What happens to 2NADH during fermentation
Turns to 2NAD+
65
What is fermentation so important
To oxidize NADH --> NAD+
Basically recycles coenzymes and can keep doing glycolysis
66
How much ATP is produced in the per negation pathway?
None
Only 2 is produced in the previous glycolysis stage
67
Lactic acid fermentation
1. First step is glycolysis
2. 2 pyruvic acid-> steps-->lactic acid
The. Oxidize the reduced coenzymes NADH
68
How can we benefit from lactic acid fermentation
We can make yogurt and cottage cheese
However, can cause decay of teeth due to sugar
69
Alcohol fermentation
1. Glycolysis is first step
2 2 pyrivic acids-> steps-> ethanol and CO2
Than oxidize the reduced coenzyme
70
Where is alcohol fermentation commonly found
Saccharromyces cerevisiae
1. Eukaryote
2. Single cell called fungi- yeast
BAKING BREAD
71
What is the exoenxyme for protein catabolism
Protease to break down proteins down into amino acids which allows the protein to enter the cell
72
Fats break down into
Fatty acids and glycerol
73
Lipase is what that does what
Exoenzym
| Breaks down fats into enzymes that feed into the Krebs cycle
74
What happens to the amino acids after Laplace breaks down the protein
They are converted to other molecules to enter the Krebs cycle
75
3 stages of amino acids
Deamination- remove the amino (NH3) group of amino acid
Decarboxylation- remove the carboxyl COOH
dehydrogenation- removal of H
76
Photosynthesis
Use if light energy to produce chemical energy to produce chemical energy--- to manufacture sugar fromCO2
77
Chemical energy used to convert CO2 to sugar is called
Carbon fixation
6CO2 + 12 H2O--> C6H12O6 + 6 H2O
78
Orgs that use photosynthesis
Plants, algae, some bacteria
79
What is the first stage of photosynthesis
Light dependent
1. Uses light to produce energy to drive light independent reactions
2. Photophosphorylation- produces ATP
3. Electrons come from photolysis which is splitting of water
Chlorophyll traps light which excites the electron
Final electron acceptor is NADP+
80
Photophosphorylation
The second stage in photosynthesis known as the Calvin benson cycle
Light independent reaction (dark)
This is where co2 is converted to glucose
81
How is the end stage of fermentation and photosynthesis similar
The reoxidation of the coenzyme
82
What is the final product of photosynthesis
2, 3 carbon sugar which join to make glucose
83
2 orgs based on energy source
1. Chemotroph- inorganic/ organic molecules via redox reaction as energy source
2. Phototroph- light as energy
84
2 orgs based on their carbon source
1. Autotroph- (self feed) CO2 as carbon source
| 2. Heterotroph- (feed on others) organic molecules as carbon source
85
Most bacteria that are clinically important are what in terms of metabolic processes
Cemohetertroph
86
What happens to the glucose after it is made by photosynthesis
```
Provide energy for anabolism
55% of energy provides ATP
1. Transport energy
2. Movement of org flagella energy
3. Most goes to biosynthesis(manufacturing of organic molecules ie proteins lipids structurs)
```
87
Where does the other 45% of energy of glucose go?
Lost as heat
