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Review Questions Flashcards

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0
Q

Cell theory

A

All living things are made up of cells

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1
Q

Robert Hooke

A

Cork tissue

Created call theory

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2
Q

Van Leeuwenhoek

A

Viewed animalcules in rain water and materials scraped from his teeth

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3
Q

Describe Francisco redi’s experimen

A

He had 4 jars of meat

  1. One was sealed one was open. Sealed did not dev. Mags.
  2. One had mesh one was opened. Mesh did not dev. Mags
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4
Q

Describe spallanzani’s experiment

A

He sealed boiled nutrient water and scealedt

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5
Q

Describe Louis Pasteur’sxperiment

A

He boiled broth in curved tube

Made pasteurization

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6
Q

What else did Pasteur’s experiment contribute to the study of microbio?

A

Basis for antiseptic technique

Pasturization

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7
Q

What did fracastoro do

A

First proposed germ theory

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8
Q

What did Semmelweis propose

A

That hand washing prevented childbirth fever

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9
Q

What did lister propose

A

That phenol on wounds reduced infection

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10
Q

What did Koch propose?

A

He showed that bacteria actually caused disease

Created Koch postulates

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11
Q

Who first used immunization as a way to prevent disease?

A

Chinese healers (smallpox powder )

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12
Q

What did Jenner do.

A

Developed vaccine for small pox using cowpox (milkmaid)

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13
Q

What did Ehrlich do

A

Discovered salvation (arsenic derivative) to cure syphils

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14
Q

What did Fleming do

A

Discovered penicillin

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15
Q

List steps of scientific method

A
  1. Observe
  2. Formulate hypothesis
  3. test hypothesis
  4. Keep good controls and variable
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16
Q

List the natural rules of science

A 
.. Guided by natural law
.. Explained in reference to natural law (no ghosts)
.. Testable against the real world
.. Conclusions are tentative
.. Falsifiable
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17
Q

Define theory

A

We’ll substantiated explanation w laws, facts and hypothesis

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18
Q

Law

A

Generalization of how the natural world behaves under certain circumstances

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19
Q

Fact

A

Observation that is repetitively confirmed

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20
Q

Hypothesis

A

Tentative statement leading to deductions that can be tested

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21
Q

Microbiology

A

The study of microorganisms

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22
Q

Taxonomy

A

The science of classification based on orgs having similar characteristics

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23
Q

Phylogeny

A

Study of evolutionary history of a group or orgs

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24
What is the main difference between eukaryote and prokaryote cells
Eukaryotes have nucleus.s and are are membrane bound | Prokaryote cells are not membrane bound and don't have a nucleus
25
How did Aristotle and Linnaeus classify orgs
``` A= grouped as either plant or animals L= grouped as either plant or animals but classified and grouped them ```
26
What were Whittaker s 5 kingdoms
``` .. Prokaryote .. Protesta (catch all) .. Fungi (unicellular yeasts molds) .. Plantae .. Animalia (sponges, insects) ```
27
What was the basis for Woese to classify orgs in the 3 domains
RNA sequencing (16s) Structures Me brain lipids Cell wall compositions
28
Ribosome
Site of protein synthesis | RNA + protein
29
What is the importance of studying phylogeny
To understand the origins of orgs | Improves research
30
Explain the rules for scientific nomenclature
.. Genus name is first and capped .. Second name is the species epithet not capped .. Both are underlined or italicizes
31
What is the manual used to identify bacterial species
Bergeys manual of bacteriology
32
Pathology
Study of disease
33
Etiology
Cause of disease
34
Pathogenesis
Manner of disease development
35
Resident bacteria
Normal flora that is permanent but doesn't cause disease
36
Transient bacteria
Only there for several weeks, months, days then is gone
37
What is microbial antagonism
Normal flora preventing overgrowth of harmful microbes
38
What is synergism
2+ orgs working together
39
What are the 3 types of symbiosis
Commensalism- one benefits the other is unchanged (bac on skin) Mutualism- both orgs benefit (Bowels) Parasitism- one org living at the others expense (we suffer)
40
Noncummunicable disease
Not spread from host to host (opportunistic bacterium)
41
What is a contagious disease
A communicable disease that spreads quickly
42
What are the categories of disease occorance
.. Incident- # of people contracted during a period of time .. Prevalence- # of people who have disease at any given time .. Frequency- how often/how many (demics)
43
Sporadic
Occasional (chickenpox)
44
Endemic
Constantly present in a population (colds)
45
Epidemic
Many people in a short period of time contracting (cholera in sa)
46
Pandemic
Worldwide epidemic, present everywhere in many cases (HIV)
47
What are the 4 categories to define the severity of disease?
Acute Chronic Subacute Latent
48
Acute
Developed rapidly but lasts a short time (flu)
49
Chronic
Developed slowly and lasts a long time (tb, hep b)
50
Subacute
Doesn't develop fast or slow | Doesn't go away fast or slow
51
Latent
Contagious agent that remains inactive (shingles)
52
Local infection
Contained in a small area (boil, abscess)
53
Systemic infection
Spread throughout the body via blood or lymph
54
Focal infection
Enters locally then spreads through blood or lymph but then confined
55
Primary infection
Acute infection that caused initial illness
56
Secondary infection
Caused by opportunistic pathogen after primary infection weakens host
57
Subclinical infection
Infection that doesn't cause any noticeable illness
58
What are the 3 reservoirs
Humans Animals No living
59
Zoonoses
Disease caused from wild or domestic animals
60
What are the 3 ways of transmission
Contact Vehicle Vector
61
What are the 3 contact transmissions
Direct- person to person contact Indirect (fomite) person to inanimate object to other person Droplet
62
What is vehicle transmission and examples
Transmission via medium - food - water - airborne (dust 1 meter)
63
What is a vector
Animals that carry pathogens - mechanical: passive- fly walks on food - biological: intentional- mosquito bites
64
Define each interval for the development of a disease
1. Incubation period- infection until signs/symptoms 2. Prodromal- early, mild symptoms/signs 3. Period of illness- disease at its most severe 4. Period of decline- subside of signs/symptoms 5. Period of convalesce- body returns to original state
65
What is an emerging infectious disease
A new or changing disease | Incidence increasing
66
Who is responsible for monitoring EID
CDC, national institute of health, who
67
What are some factors of EID
* overuse of antibiotics * animal control * global warming * transportation * failure in public healthcare
68
What is epidemiology
The science that studies when and where diseases occur and how they are transmitted in populations
69
What does an epidemiologist do
* determines the cause of diseases * identifies other important factors * various methods for controlling diseases
70
Who were two early epidemiologists
John snow- investigated cholera outbreak in london | Semmelweis- investigated childbirth fever

Micro Boi (6 decks)

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