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Theories of Personality > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

(75 cards)

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1
Q

What are the 3 assumptions of trait psychology?

A
  1. There are meaningful differences between people (traits)
  2. Traits are stable over time
  3. Traits stay consistent across situations
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2
Q

Broad traits are relatively ______ but trait expression may _______ with time.

A

stable

change

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3
Q

If a trait changes a lot with time, it is ______

A

inconsistent

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4
Q

Solutions to trait stability over time:

  1. Focus on ______ differences between people
  2. Recognize that _________ will be different
A

rank order

manifestation

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5
Q

What was the original idea in the person/situation debate?

A

2 possible explanations for behavior:
personality traits –> behavior
situational factors –> behavior

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6
Q

What is the traditional assumption for the person/situation debate?

A

cross situation consistency

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7
Q

What was Walter Miscel’s famous theory?

A

situationism

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8
Q

Mischel’s theory that if behavior varies most across situations, then situational differences (not traits) determine behavior; traits don’t explain much, we should focus on situations instead

A

Situationism

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9
Q

A single behavior or occasion is more likely to be influenced by ________

A

situation

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10
Q

averaging multiple observations; multiple measures of same behavior

A

aggregation

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11
Q

What was the result of the person situation debate?

A

both sides have tempered views

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12
Q

What is the modern idea in the person/situation debate?

A

Personality and situation interact to produce behavior

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13
Q

situations can provoke out of character behavior

A

situational specificity

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14
Q

In a strong situation, everyone will act ________. In a weak/ambiguous situation everyone will act _________.

A

the same

differently

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15
Q

What is the assumption of measurement ideas?

A

people differ on traits

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16
Q

The trait approach often relies on _____

A

self reports

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17
Q

Participants rush through study and don’t pay attention

A

carelessness

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18
Q

Carelessness, fatigue, acquiescence, social desirability, extreme responding, and faking are all examples of what?

A

response sets

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19
Q

What are the 2 solutions to carelessness?

A
  1. detect using infrequency scale

2. place duplicate items far apart

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20
Q

survey is too long and participants get tired and stop caring

A

fatigue

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21
Q

What are the 3 solutions to fatigue?

A
  1. give participants a break
  2. counterbalance (reverse orders)
  3. keep scales as brief as possible
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22
Q

agreeing, regardless of content

A

acquiescence

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23
Q

What is the solution to acquiescence?

A

reverse key some items

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24
Q

tendency to give endpoint responses

A

extreme responding

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25
What are the 2 solutions to extreme responding?
1. Use ranking scale | 2. Use an ipsative/forced-choice scale
26
Participants try to appear better or worse than reality
faking
27
Participants respond in ways that make them appear likable
social desirability (faking good)
28
What are the 4 solutions to social desirability?
1. ensure anonymity/confidentiality 2. Ask if participant was honest 3. measure socially desirable responding and correct 4. tell participants you'll check answers using a lie detector
29
What are the two views on social desirability?
1. Its distortion | 2. Reflects personality
30
Personality traits + job requirements =
performance at work
31
What are the 3 reasons to use personality tests for personnel selection?
1. Identify traits that lead to success 2. Integrity testing 3. Negligent hiring
32
designed to assess general honesty/dishonesty; replaced polygraph
integrity tests
33
measures physical signs of anxiety
polygraph
34
What does the Minnesota Multiphase Personality Inventory (MMPI) do?
screens for mental illness
35
Research suggests that some commonly used measures for personnel selection are disadvantageous to some groups
race/gender norming
36
What is the solution for race/gender norming?
use assessments that do not disparately impact groups
37
Psychological testing may fall under ADA if test could be classified as a ________
medical examination
38
personality test: widely used in business settings; assess extraverted/introverted, sensing/intuitive, thinking/feeling, judging/perceiving; 16 categories; 4 letter codes; based on Jungian archetypes; used in personnel selection and career advising
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
39
What are the 3 criticisms of the MBTI?
1. people are not types 2. attempts to validate scale have failed or are inadequate 3. Even Jung thought archetypes did not accurately reflect personality spectrum
40
general statement that could apply to anyone; used in astrology; not scientifically valid
Barnum statement
41
How personality changes/stays the same with age
personality development
42
Real personality changes are _____ and ______
enduring; internal
43
studies that follow a group of people over time
longitudinal studies
44
What are the 3 levels of analysis?
1. population level 2. group differences level 3. individual differences level
45
changes that apply to almost everyone
population level
46
changes that affect certain groups
group differences level
47
predicting risk factors for problems later in life
individual difference level
48
early assessment of individual differences
temperament
49
Stability in temperament _______ as infants mature
increases
50
How do we measure temperament?
parent reports
51
How could we measure temperament better?
activity level via actometer or teacher
52
correlations between different measures at the same time point
validity coefficient
53
correlations between same measures at different time points
stability coefficient
54
measures activity level
actometer
55
observer reports of activity level
judge-based
56
At what age is physical aggression at it's highest?
age 2 and early adulthood (for males)
57
At what age is relational aggression at it's highest and what gender is more prevalent to this kind of aggression?
13-16 | females
58
Self esteem: _____ at adolescence, ______ during teenage years, _______ at 60-69, and ______ at 80-90
high low high low
59
The Big 5 traits have ___ to ____ levels of rank order stability
moderate to high
60
Personality tends to become more ______ with age
stable
61
Subtle changes in personality occur over time, especially during _____
early twenties
62
Conscientiousness and agreeableness show gradual ____ with time, while openness, extraversion, and neuroticism _____ until around 50 years old
increase | decrease
63
Self control: ______ from ages 4-18 then _______
increases | levels off
64
Differences in self control can have long term impact on ______
achievement
65
_______ impulsivity (_____ self control) = lower GPA, more likely to drop out of college, only for students with high SAT scores (intelligent)
high | low
66
Personality changes in men: | Sharp ______ in ambition; ______ in autonomy, leadership motivation, achievement, and dominance
decrease | increase
67
Personality changes in women: | _______ in femininity from early 40s through early 50s
decrease
68
Divorced moms, women without kids, and working moms have ______ in independence
increase
69
Traditional homemaker moms show no _____ in independence
increase
70
Significant life events can have a dramatic effect on _____
personality
71
significant life events that affect a large population can result in ________
cohort effects
72
________ (M and F) and ________ (M) at marriage are associated with marital dissatisfaction
neuroticism | impulse control
73
________ and ________ have been linked with substance abuse problems and emotional problems
neuroticism | impulse control
74
_________ and ________ in adolescence are linked with later life religiousity
agreeableness | conscientiousness
75
Associated with better health: ____ extraversion and conscientiousness ____ hostility and neuroticism
high | low

Theories of Personality (5 decks)

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