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Theories of Personality > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 3 areas of the biological domain?

A
  1. genetic
  2. physiological
  3. evolutionary
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2
Q

all of our 20-30 thousand genes

A

genome

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3
Q

attempt to improve the human gene pool

A

eugenics movement

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4
Q

What are idealogical concerns centered around?

A

equality and fairness

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5
Q

What three things do behavioral genetics determine?

A
  1. what percent of trait differences is due to genetics/environment?
  2. how do genes and environment interact?
  3. which aspects of environment are important?
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6
Q

how much variation of an individual difference is explained by genetics

A

heritability

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7
Q

how much variation of an individual difference is due to environment

A

environmentality

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8
Q

genes indirectly code for physical/personality traits

A

the human genome

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9
Q

What 2 things are behavioral geneticists attempting to determine?

A

percentage of variance

heritability

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10
Q

degree to which a characteristic is due to genes vs. environment

A

percentage of variance

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11
Q

observed variance in a group that can be accounted for by genetic difference across individuals

A

heritability

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12
Q

amount of variance attributed to genetic variance

A

genotype

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13
Q

observed variance in characteristic

A

phenotype

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14
Q

Influence of genes and environment is only relevant to ______ level variation

A

group

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15
Q

heritability does not apply to ________ variance

A

individual

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16
Q

Heritability is not ________ or ________, it is dependent upon ______ and ______

A

constant; precise; population; time

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17
Q

Heritability coefficients reflect ______ on a characteristic

A

variance

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18
Q

heritability studies do not tell us what is _______

A

heritable

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19
Q

What is environment?

A

non-genetic factors

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20
Q

selective breeding only works if a trait is _____

A

heritable

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21
Q

if a trait is heritable, then the degree of genetic relatedness should correspond with ________

A

trait similarity

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22
Q

What is the problem with family studies?

A

families often share genetics and environment, so influences are confounded

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23
Q

What is the goal of twin studies?

A

to estimate heritability

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24
Q

If MZ twins are more similar than DZ twins then differences are due to _______

A

heritability

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25
changes in gene similarity due to cell replication
copy number variations (CNVs)
26
differences in genes caused by mutations occurring during development
genetic mutation variations (GMVs)
27
What do adoption studies look at?
trait similarity between adopted children and adoptive vs. genetic parents
28
what is the ideal study for studying genetics and environment?
adopted twins reared separately
29
What is the pro of adoption studies?
shared environment without shared genes
30
What is the con of adoption studies?
are adopted kids and adoptive parents representative of the general population?
31
What is the problem with adoption studies?
selective placement of adopted children
32
What is the heritability of the Big 5?
about 50%
33
Sexual orientation has an estimated _______ heritability
20-50%
34
What accounts for differences across studies?
measurement issues
35
The medial pre optic hypothalamus is ______ in gay men compared to straight men
smaller
36
______ of genes can turn on/off certain genes
methylation
37
What is the heritability of traditionalism? Job preference?
59%; 71%
38
What attitudes show little to no heritability?
belief in God | attitudes towards racial integration
39
What three things are drinking and smoking related to?
sensation seeking extraversion neuroticism
40
How much heritability does alcoholism and smoking addiction have?
36-56%
41
features that both subjects are exposed to
shared
42
features that one subject is exposed to but the other isn't
nonshared
43
What are the 2 issues concerning genes and environment?
genotype-environment interaction | genotype-environment correlation
44
people with different genes react differently to certain environments; individual differences interact with environment to affect performance
genotype-environment interaction
45
parents provide both genes and environment
passive genotype-environment correlation
46
others in environment respond to genes
reactive genotype-environment correlation
47
person with certain genes seeks out a particular environment
active genotype-environment correlation
48
What is the goal of molecular genetics?
to identify specific genes associated with personality traits
49
The _______ gene has a weak relationship to novelty seeking (risk taking) and deals with dopamine regulation
DRD4
50
What is the complication of the DRD4 gene?
many other genes may influence trait expression
51
in any population there is natural variation, but some variations will be more adaptive for the environment
evolution
52
Adaptiveness influences evolutionary fitness in what 2 ways?
1. increases chances of survival | 2. increases reproductive success
53
evolutionarily derived traits are passed on through reproduction
sexual selection
54
What 3 things make for good adaptation?
1. efficiency 2. precision 3. reliability
55
adaptions tend to _______ rather than______
avoid the worst | attempt at perfection
56
the importance of avoiding crucial mistakes
error management theory; based on signal detection theory
57
What is the take home point of error management theory?
evolution will select for avoiding the worst mistakes
58
byproducts of adaptations
exaptations
59
characteristics that are neutral (or negative) with respect to survival/reproduction
evolutionary noise
60
schizophrenic characteristics co-evolved with higher cognitive/affective systems associated with sociality
social brain hypothesis
61
delusions and hallucinations could lead to the perception that a person has special psychic characteristics
social advantage hypothesis
62
schizophrenic genes code for an advantage with regard to disease resistance
physiological advantage hypothesis
63
reasoning from observations to theory
inductive reasoning
64
reasoning from theory to prediction to observation
deductive reasoning
65
humans formed cultural groups because humans alone are not successful
theory of reciprocal altruism
66
one major difference in humans that might lead to different selection pressures
group differences level
67
What is the male's biggest problem when it comes to reproduction? Female?
male: not enough mates female: choosing the wrong mate
68
What is the most adaptive mistake of males concerning mating? females?
males: not mating when opportunity is available females: mating with someone unwilling and able to provide
69
Men are ____ secessionists, while women are ____ selectionists
r; k
70
differences in what men and women are more jealous of
paternity certainty
71
What are the 2 classes of sexual selection pressures for mating?
intersexual competition | intrasexual competition
72
preferences of one sex for characteristics in the opposite sex
intersexual competition
73
competition between members of the same sex for mates of the opposite sex
intrasexual competition
74
differential reproductive success for males and females may account for group level sex differences in personality
effective polygyny
75
differences in reproductive success can lead to big differences across sexes
sexual dimorphism
76
Adaptations for ______ competition will often depend on the _______ preferences
intrasexual; intersexual
77
A tendency may exist, but if environment does not put pressure/give opportunity for trait expression, it will not be expressed
environmental triggers
78
what is inherited is not always the trait, but perhaps the motivation
contingencies among traits
79
mate selection strategies rely on intersexual and intrasexual competitive forces
frequency dependent selection
80
different environmental pressures can lead to a maintenance of variation
balancing selection
81
ability to detect certain personality characteristics and make alliances could be beneficial
difference detecting mechanisms

Theories of Personality (5 decks)

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