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Theories of Personality > Exam 5 > Flashcards

Exam 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 3 components of emotion?

A
  1. subjective feelings
  2. bodily changes
  3. action tendencies
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2
Q

how you feel right now; temporary; depends more on situation than personality

A

emotional states

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3
Q

how you feel in general; pattern of emotional reactions experienced across time and situations

A

emotional traits

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4
Q

trying to identify certain primary emotions

A

categorical approach to studying emotions

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5
Q

emotions serve specific functions; part of categorical approach

A

functional perspective (approach) to studying emotions

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6
Q

What are Ekman’s 4 requirements for basic emotions?

A
  1. innate, not learned
  2. arise from the same circumstances for all people
  3. expressed uniquely and distinctly
  4. evoke a distinctive and highly predictable physiological response
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7
Q

believed in cross-cultural emotional expression and 6 primary emotions

A

Ekman

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8
Q

believed in the opponent process theory of emotion and 2 primary emotions

A

Solomon

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9
Q

believed there were 3 primary emotions

A

Gray

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10
Q

believed there were 7 primary emotions; studied limbic structure pathways

A

Panksepp

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11
Q

Believed there were 6 primary emotions and different rates of neurological firing

A

Tomkins

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12
Q

In the Dimensional Approach to studying emotion, what are the 2 basic emotions?

A

valence (pleasant or unpleasant)

arousal (high or low)

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13
Q

What is the conflict between approaches to studying emotions?

A

Emotions that are dimensionally similar can be categorically different.

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14
Q

which emotions are experienced

A

content

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15
Q

how emotions are experienced

A

style

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16
Q

Content and style are _______, which means they are stable over time and across situations

A

trait-like

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17
Q

What is the main pleasant emotion?

A

happiness (subjective well-being)

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18
Q

What are the 2 components of happiness?

A
  1. life satisfaction

2. hedonic balance

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19
Q

finding meaning and purpose in life; cognitive (perception of experiences)

A

life satisfaction

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20
Q

ratio of positive to negative emotional experiences; affective (total sum of emotional experiences)

A

hedonic balance

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21
Q

Measures of happiness correlate with _________ scores

A

social desirability

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22
Q

we have overconfidence in ourselves which leads to happiness

A

better than average effect

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23
Q

What are 3 positive illusions that lead to happiness?

A
  1. better than average effect
  2. illusion of control
  3. unrealistic optimism
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24
Q

people think they can change things that are beyond our control; autonomy and power lead to happiness; negatively affects depressed people

A

illusion of control

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25
people think that bad things will not happen to them which leads to happiness
unrealistic optimism
26
people attribute good outcomes to internal reasons and bad outcomes to external reasons
self serving bias
27
What is the consequence of the self serving bias?
trade off between being happy and changing perspective and trying to change that
28
Happy people are ____ helpful, creative, energetic, and trusting, and _______ hostile and abusive
more | less
29
what is the conclusion drawn from surveys of happiness and subjective well-being?
measures of happiness are valid
30
What 5 things account for age differences in happiness?
1. worry and anxiety 2. circumstances leading to happiness change with age 3. older adults are generally better at coping 4. fewer aspirations in older age 5. change of perspective on past difficulties
31
confounded with availability of health care services and education which predict well-being
national wealth
32
What 2 big 5 personality traits are associated with happiness?
high extraversion | low neuroticism
33
strongly influenced by positive stimuli
extraverts
34
strongly influenced by negative stimuli
neurotic individuals
35
a filter through which experience is perceived
personality
36
states that neuroticism is caused by easy activation of the brain's limbic system (more active amygdala); responsible for emotion and fight or flight reaction
Eysenck's biological theory
37
theories stating that neuroticism is caused by the style of information processing and that people high in neuroticism have preferential processing of negative information
cognitive theories
38
depression is a ______ model
diathesis-stress
39
states that vulnerability depends on cognitive schema and that info about the self, work, and future are distorted by depressive cognitive schema (pessimistic explanatory style)
Beck's cognitive theory
40
small failures seen as a sign of bigger problems
overgeneralization
41
jumping to negative conclusions despite evidence
arbitrary inferences
42
seeing one's self as the cause rather than external factors
personalizing
43
assuming the worst will happen
catastrophizing
44
responding to everyday frustrations with anger and aggression; seen as easily irritated, rude, antagonistic, and uncooperative
hostility
45
What 2 Big 5 personality traits lead to hostility when combined?
low agreeableness | high neuroticism
46
people with this personality type have achievement strivings and are seen as inpatient, competitive, hostile and are prone to more heart disease
Type A personality (cluster of traits)
47
greater incidence of damage to the prefrontal cortex seen amongst violent related to non-violent criminals is an example of?
trait self-control
48
narcissistic levels of self-esteem lead to increased ______
aggression
49
A lack of empathy, guilt, and embarrassment are associated with ______ traits
psychopathic
50
experience emotions strongly; emotionally reactive and variable; typically high in optimal arousal
high affect intensity
51
experience emotions mildly; gradual fluctuations and minor reactions
low affect intensity
52
frequent postive affect + low affect intensity
calm and content
53
frequent positive affect + high affect intensity
euphoric and zestful
54
frequent negative affect + low affect intensity
melancholic and dejected
55
frequent negative affect + high affect intensity
anxious, depressed, and angry (mental health disorders)
56
imposing order on sensory info
perception
57
making sense of/explaining events
interpretation
58
personal desires; what's important in life
goals
59
these people focus more on details and are better able to screen out distracting information and focus on a task
field independent
60
these people look at the big picture; they pay attention to multiple sources of information
field dependent
61
What are 2 tests of field dependence?
1. rod and frame test (RFT) | 2. embedded figures test (EFT)
62
these students learn more in a media rich environment and can get the main points without being distracted
field independent students
63
It is better for a police officer to be field (ind/dep)
independent
64
these people are attentive to social cues; oriented towards others; and more aware of the interpersonal context
field dependent
65
these people are more interpersonally detached
field independent
66
these people prefer social sciences and education majors and are better to see connections between ideas
field dependent
67
these people prefer natural sciences, mathematics, and engineering and are better able to focus and have selective attention
field independent
68
these people have a high pain tolerance and their nervous system reduces the subjective impact of sensory input
reducers
69
these people have a low pain tolerance and the nervous system amplifies the impact of pain
augmenters
70
these people seek strong stimulation because they are compensating for lower sensory reactivity; may use/abuse substances to change arousal level
reducers
71
states that humans want to understand, predict, and control events; we all have constructs that we think are important when dealing with others; each person constructs his or her own version of reality
Kelly's personal construct theory
72
theories about how other people think, feel, and react
personal constructs
73
interpretation of responsibility for events
locus of control
74
perception that you lack control over what happens to you
external locus of control
75
perception that you are in control and responsible for major life outcomes
internal locus of control
76
solving problems to escape aversive noise
learned helplessness
77
how people explain (make attributions) about the causes of events
explanatory style
78
What are the 3 dimensions of explanatory style?
1. external vs. internal 2. stable vs. unstable 3. global vs. specific
79
emphasis on internal, stable, and global causes of negative events; worst outlook; feelings of helplessness and poor adjustment
pessimistic style
80
What 3 things make people effective toward goals?
1. set difficult, but realistic goals 2. be specific 3. set sub-goals
81
setting goals can help with ______
self-efficacy
82
confidence and positive attitudes help people achieve goals; not just ability, but confidence in capability to apply ability
self-efficacy
83
deciding when, where, and how you are going to achieve a goal
implementation intentions
84
this theory focuses on Entity vs. Incremental theorists
mastery orientation theory
85
theory about promotion/prevention focuses
theory of regulatory focus
86
focusing on advancement, growth, accomplishments
promotion
87
focusing on protection, safety, prevention of negative outcomes
prevention

Theories of Personality (5 decks)

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