Exam 4 Flashcards
(99 cards)
1
Q
Introduced Phrenology, and 27 organs of the brain
A
Franz Joseph Gall
2
Q
had a brain injury that changed his personality
A
Phineas Gage
3
Q
thought body type determined personality; endomorph, ectomorph, mesomorph
A
William H. Sheldon
4
Q
Differences in physiology indicate differences in ________ functioning
A
psychological
5
Q
The best studies combine ______ reports with _______ tests
A
self
physiological
6
Q
What is the goal of physiological approaches?
A
try to find physiological factors that influence and are influenced by personality characteristics
7
Q
What are the pros of measuring electrical responses by using electrodes?
A
noninvasive
no discomfort
8
Q
What is the con of measuring electrical responses by using electrodes?
A
movement confined
9
Q
measures electrical impulses generated by movement of muscles
A
facial electromyography
10
Q
Galvanic Skin Response (GSR) measures _________ activity
A
electrodermal
11
Q
GSR measures responses to what 3 things?
A
- sudden noise
- pain
- high arousal emotions
12
Q
measure of stress reactivity
A
blood pressure
13
Q
increases with anxiety, fear, arousal, and cognitive effort
A
heart rate
14
Q
degree of increase in blood pressure and heart rate under stress
A
cardiac reactivity
15
Q
Cardiovascular activity is tested with what?
A
backward serial subtraction
16
Q
People with a type A personality have greater _________
A
reactivity
17
Q
Electrical activity in the brain is measured with _______
A
electrodes (EEG)
18
Q
maps structure/function of brain; PET, fMRI
A
brain imaging
19
Q
Brain imaging measures _______
A
blood flow
20
Q
hormone associated with risk-taking, sexuality, and dominance
A
testosterone
21
Q
hormones associated with affiliation and agreeableness
A
progesterone and oxytocin
22
Q
hormone that increases with distress
A
cortisol
23
Q
Differences in physiology indicate difference in _______ functioning, and create differences in _________
A
psychological; personality
24
Q
The relationship between personality and physiology will depend on your ________ to your physiological responses to the environment
A
adaptation
25
What does the reticular formation detect?
changes in physiological arousal
26
claimed that the Ascending Reticular Activation System (ARAS) is the gateway from sensation to arousal
Eysenck
27
individuals vary in how much arousal they need to feel comfortable
optimal arousal (Hebb)
28
What are the 2 hypothesized brain systems?
behavioral activation system (BAS)
| behavioral inhibition system (BIS)
29
brain system responsive to reward; regulates approach behavior; leads to high impulsivity; associated with extraversion
behavior activation system (BAS)
30
brain system responsive to punishment; regulates "avoidance" behavior; leads to high anxiety; associated with neuroticism
behavior inhibition system (BIS)
31
The ______ system (amygdala) produces automatic emotional responses from incoming sensory input
limbic
32
The ___________ allows conscious attempts at emotion regulation
prefrontal cortex
33
The left hemisphere of the prefrontal cortex is associated with ________ motivation and _______ affect.
approach
| positive
34
The right hemisphere of the prefrontal cortex is associated with _______ motivation and _________ affect.
avoidance
| negative affect
35
BAS sensitivity is associated with ________ and ________
impulsivity
| reward seeking
36
BIS sensitivity is associated with _______
anxiety
37
The amygdala, hippocampus, and parahippocampal circuit are associated with what big 5 personality trait?
Neuroticism
38
part of the brain associated with memory; compares current vs. previous experience; OK not OK check
hippocampus
39
greater activation of the cingulate gyrus and dorsal (medial) prefrontal cortex is associated with what big 5 personality characteristic?
neuroticism
40
states that people strive for their optimal level of arousal
Hebb's theory
41
person associated with sensory deprivation research
Zuckerman
42
responsible for nerve impulses
neurotransmitters
43
enzyme that breaks down neurotransmitters
monoamine oxidase (MAO)
44
High sensation seekers have _____ MAO, _______ don't get broken down as easily, and _______ inhibition of nerve impulses, which leads to _____ self control, which leads to _____ extreme behavior
```
low
neurotransmitters
less
less
more
```
45
hormone associated with pleasure and reward
dopamine
46
hormone associated with mood
serotonin
47
hormone associated with alertness and arousal
norepinephrine
48
states that trait levels of neurotransmitters are linked to differences in personality
Cloninger's Tridimensional Model
49
Low _______ --> novelty seeking (OTE)
Low _______ --> harm avoidance (Neuroticism)
Low _______--> reward dependence (conscientiousness)
dopamine
serotonin
norepinephrine
50
Hormones are likely related to __________
personality characteristics
51
trust related hormone
oxytocin
52
High levels of ______ are associated with more agreeableness.
oxytocin
53
hormone associated with anger and aggression
testosterone
54
High levels of ______ are associated with lower agreeableness.
testosterone
55
hormone released in response to stress
cortisol
56
High levels of ______ are associated with higher neuroticism
cortisol
57
Morningness vs. eveningness is due to differences in _________
biological rhythms
58
daily cycle of alertness, body temp, etc.
circadian rhythm
59
These people have a peak in body temperature and alertness early in the day and get sleepy early
morning people
60
These people have a peak in body temperature and alertness later in the day and get sleepy later
evening people
61
_______ psychology claims that personality consists of a few general motives
motivational
62
give ambiguous stimuli, ask for interpretation, personality shown through response
projective techniques
63
Levels of needs can be thought of as ____
traits
64
theory that states that needs:
1. organize perception
2. organize action
3. by satisfying them, we reduce but do not eliminate tension
Proposed a list of 11 fundamental human needs organized into 4 categories
Murray's theory of needs
65
Murray's theory of needs categories:
1. achievement, exhibition, order
2. affiliation, nurturance, succor
3. abasement, aggression, order, blame/avoidance
4. dominance
1. ambition needs
2. social affection
3. social power
4. status defense
66
a projective test in which participants interpret ambiguous photos and perceive meaning; project own desires, emotions, and needs into story given
thematic apperception test (TAT)
67
What is the assumption of the TAT?
needs will influence interpretation
68
Projective test scores are not correlated with _____ scores
self report
69
measure of implicit motives (unconscious desires/needs)
projective
70
measure of explicit motives (reflect self-awareness of conscious motives)
self-report
71
predict long term behavior trends (traits)
implicit motives
72
predict responses to immediate situations, choices, and attitudes (state)
explicit motives
73
internal states that arouse and direct behavior towards a goal; caused by a deficit or lack of a need
motives/drives
74
Deprivation of needs leads to states of _____
tension
75
Types of Needs:
1. food/hunger, air/suffocation, water/thirst, sex/lust
2. autonomy, competence, relatedness
3. achievement, affiliation/intimacy, power
1. physiological
2. psychological
3. social
76
needs based more in biology than psychology; cyclical (triggered by the passage of time)
physiological
77
needs based more in psychology than biology; context dependent (triggered by external events)
psychological/social
78
needs common to all humans
psychological
79
needs distinct between humans
social
80
People with high nAch prefer activities that are __________
modestly challenging
81
difficulty of behavior (or effort) influences the effort of a consequence
incentive-behavior contrast
82
People with high each enjoy tasks in which they are ________ for the outcome; they prefer tasks in which _______ is available
personally responsible
| feedback
83
degree to which society tolerates failure and error making
failure tolerance
84
probability of performing the behavior
efficiency outcome
85
probability that behavior will lead to outcome
outcome expectancy
86
growing in understanding of the task (incremental)
mastery
87
outperform others/show off performance (entity)
performance approach
88
not failing (entity)
performance avoidance
89
People with high ______ want to influence, impact, and control
nPow
90
assertiveness, arguments, government positions, games of chance, and signs of status are all correlates of ______
power
91
What is the gender difference in regards to nPow?
high nPow men act impulsively and aggressively
92
fear of interpersonal rejection
need for affiliation (naïf) or need for approval (nApp)
93
preference for warm, close, communicative interactions
need for intimacy (nInt)
94
desire for an answer to a question
need for closure
95
enjoyment in thinking, analysis, and problem solving
need for cognition
96
says that basic/lower needs must be satisfied first, then move up
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
97
According to Roger's Humanistic Theory, a fully functioning person is moving towards ___________
self-actualization
98
must satisfy conditions of worth to be valued
conditional postitive regard
99
will be valued no matter what; key to successful development and self actualization
unconditional positive regard
