Exam 2 Flashcards
(120 cards)
1
Q
What is a control group?
A
In experementation, a group of subjects to whom no experiemental stimulus is adminitered and who should resemble the experimental group in all other respects. The comparasion of the experimental and control group and the end of the experiement points to the effect of the experimental stimulus
2
Q
What is a double bind experiement?
A
An experimental design in which neither the subjects nor the experiementeres know which is the experiemental group and which is the control grpups
3
Q
What is an experimental group?
A
In experimentation, a group of subects th whom an experimentl stimulus is administred
4
Q
What is external validity?
A
Refers to the possibility that conclusions drawn from the experiments results may not be generalizable to the “real” world
5
Q
What is internal validity?
A
Refers to the possibility that the conclusions drawn from the experimental results may not accurately reflect what went on in the experiment itself
6
Q
What is Matching?
A
In connection with experiments the procedure wherby pairs of subjects are matched on the basis of their similarities on one or more variables and one member of the pair is assigned to the exper group and the other the control group
7
Q
Wat is posttesting?
A
The remeasurement of a DV among subjects after theyve been exposed to an IV
8
Q
What is Pretesting?
A
The measurement of a dv among subjects
9
Q
What is randomization?
A
A technique in which experimental subkects are randomly assigned to either the experemental or control group randomly
10
Q
In a classical experiment the three major components are what?
A
IV and DV, pre and post testing, experimental and control groups
11
Q
What are the 12 parts of internal vlidity?
A
History Maturation Testing Intrumentation Statistical regressionm Selection Bias Experimental Mortality Causal time order Diffusion or immitation of treatments Compensation Compensatory rivalry Demoralization
12
Q
What are natural experiments
A
Natural experiments are experements observed and analyzed after a naturalk disaster happens or a social/political decisaion is put in place
13
Q
What are web based experiments
A
-
14
Q
What is a One-shot case study?
A
a single group of subjects is measured on a dependent
variable following an experimental stimulus.
15
Q
What is a One-group pretest-postest design
A
Pre-test à Intervention à Post-test lacks a control group.
16
Q
What is a Static Group comparison?
A
includes experimental and control groups, but no pretest.
17
Q
What is Probablility sampaling?
A
The process which by people are selected from a sampling frame which is of the whole pop and selected randomly for the study
18
Q
The drawback of prob sampling in social science studies though is that you should ot use it for studies involving less than 100 people which social scientist experiments _____ have?
A
Rarely
19
Q
What are the arguments in relation to Randomization over matching?
A
- We may not know the variables to match in advance
2. Most statistics used to analyze results of experiment assume randomization
20
Q
When would matching be good?
A
With fewer subjects
21
Q
What is Generazablility?
A
The info drawn from an experiment tha should be generalizable to the whol population
22
Q
What is the problem related to the classical expireiment and external validityu?
A
The pretest might have aninfluence over the subjects responses during the postest. iE muslim stereotypes shown before and after stimulus
23
Q
What are the primary strengths of the expiremental method?
A
The isolation of the experimental variables impact over time, little time, money, requires less participants
24
Q
What are the weaknesses of the experimental method?
A
Artificiality,social processes that occur in a labrotory might not necesarrily hold true for those in natural environments
25
In relation to Internal validity, what is, History?
During course of study, historical events may occur that confound expiremental results
26
In relation to Internal validity, what is, maturation?
People are continually growing and chaning, may affect expirement
27
In relation to Internal validity, what is,Testing?
Testing and restesting c an influence peoples behaviors
28
In relation to Internal validity, what is, Intrumentation
If we use different measuresof the DV in pretrest/posttest how can we be sure theyre equivalent to each other
29
In relation to Internal validity, what is, Statistical regression?
Extreme scores are more likely to move towards the mean after contuinual tests
30
In relation to Internal validity, what is, Selection Bias?
Assigning subjects to expirement and control geroup in a biases way. Comparisons have no meaning unless groups are comparable at begin of expirement
31
In relation to Internal validity, what is, experimental mortality?
Expereimental subjects dropping out of the experiment
32
In relation to Internal validity, what is, Causal time order?
Ambiguity about time oprder of experimental stimulus
33
In relation to Internal validity, what is, Diffusion of treatments?
When experimental or control groups can communicate with one another
34
In relation to Internal validity, what is, Compensation?
Compensating for the feeling os sympathy towards the control group for not recieving the stimulus
35
In relation to Internal validity, what is, Compensatory rivalry?
Subjects may try to compensate for missing stimuls
36
In relation to Internal validity, what is, Demoralization?
Feelings of deprivation inc control group may illicit anger or disinterest in the experiment altogether.
37
What is a respondant?
A person who provides data for analysis by responding to a survey questionaire
38
How cans ureys be used for descriptivfe purposes?
Show attitudes or opinons (think presidential polls
39
How can surveys be used for explanatory research?
Using a survey during a pre/ post test to see if it had an influence on the subject
40
How can surveys be used for Exploratory research?
By asking lots of open ended questions to provide us with a multitude of answers
41
What are open ended questions?
Questions in which the respondant is asked to provide their own answers
42
When are open ended question heavily used?
In depth qualitative research
43
What are clsed ended questions?
Survey questions in which respondant is asked to select from a list errected by the researcher
44
When are closed ended questions most likely to be used?
More p[opular insurvey research becaus eit provides uniformity
45
What are he two essential components of closed ended questions that provide the best results?
1. exahustive
| 2. answer categories must be mutally exclusive
46
What are the 8 guidelines for asking effective questions?
1. select approprriate question forms
2. make items clear
3. Avoid double barrel qustions
4. Respondents must be compentent to answer
5. Respondents must be willing to answer
6. Questions should be relevant
Avoid negative items
Avoid Biased ityems and terms
47
In relation to the 8 guidelines for asking questions Make Items Clear more specifically refers to?
Make items clear and unambigious (what do you think about proposed peace plan is bad)
48
In relation to the 8 guidelines for asking questions Avoid double barrel questions more specifically refers to?
Not conflating two questions into one (do you live near fresh and healthy food)
49
In relation to the 8 guidelines for asking questions Respondents must be compentent to answer more specifically refers to?
Make sure that respondents have the knowledge to answer the questions provided
50
In relation to the 8 guidelines for asking questions Respondents must be willing to answer more specifically refers to?
People might be unwilling to answer based on the thought they are a minority intheir thoguht so juist remain "undecided"
51
In relation to the 8 guidelines for asking questions Questions should be relevant more specifically refers to?
Questions should be relevant to the respondant so they do not provde false answers that mess up our experiment
52
In relation to the 8 guidelines for asking questions Avoid Negagtive Items more specifically refers to?
excluding questions with "not" as it can cause confusion and problems within thie response
53
In relation to the 8 guidelines for asking questions Avoid biased terms and Items more specifically refers to?
Avoiding questions that encourages respondents to answer in a particular way
54
Why is social desirability a problem in asking questions?
People do not want to be looked down upon or expose charecteristics about themselves that are undesirable and scrutinized in society, IE Are you racist is not a good question
55
The three components of a general questionare format include being, uncluttered, one question per line, and _______ format
Consistent
56
Why is it important to pre test a questionaire?
There could be some error: ambiguoius question, one people cant answer or some other violation to the rules.
57
What are contingency questions?
A question determined for only some respondents based on their previous answers, ie: have you smoked weed, then----- how many times
58
What are matrix questions?
Question with a similarity in theme, so asking them in a format where they are all together. usually with aggree stronly agree diagree etc
59
What are the two methods of distributing a self administersd questionaire?
internet or mail
60
What is a difficulkty with mail surevys?
Respoindents say there is too much trouble in returning the survey, however this can be overcome by simply providing a return address and postage on the envelope
61
What are the advantages of a survey interview over questionaiires?
1. Higher response rates
2. Presence of interviewer decreases amount of IDKS
3. Interviwer can calirify question if repondent does not understand
4. interviwers can observe respondents as well as ask questions
62
What are the 5 general guidelines for survey interviewing?
1. dress appropriastely
2. be familiar with questionaire
3. follow question working exactly
4. record responses exactly
5. probe whjen necessary.
63
In relation to survey interviews why is training important?
So they know what the research is about, understand the questions and it's specifications and understand how to interview a subject to ensure the best results
64
What are the advantages of telephone surveys?
Money and time, may be possible to probe more sensative info because you're not face to face
65
What are the disadvantages of telephone surveys?
easy to terminate
66
What is Random digit dialing?
A smapling techniques in whichj random numbers are selected from within the range of numbers assigned to active telephones
67
How did random digit dialing overcome some of the weaknesses of telephone surveys?
They make it possible to dial active residential numbers randomly and have a higher chance at a person answering and respinding
68
wHAT ARE THE ADVANTAGES OF SURVEY RESEARCH?
Economy, amount of data collected, and chance to sample a larger population, and the standardixzation of the data collected
69
What is a weakness of survey research?
artifical, potentially superfcial, inflexiable. WEAK ON VALIDITY, STRONG ON RELIABLITY.
70
What is qualitative research?
Research that enables researches to observe social life in its natural habiotat, provides a richer understanding of social phenomenon through observational research
71
hOW DOES FIELD RESEARCH DIFFER FROM SURVEYS?
Not just collecting data but describing attitudes (qualitative about subjects you are observing so deviating away from apaternalistic aspect of collecitng data
72
How does Field research differ from expirements?
It is no just collecting data but it can also be a way of generating a theory as well
73
What are some strengths of field research?
Topics that defy simple quantification
attitudes and behaviors best understood in their natural setting
social proccess that occur over time
COMPREHENSIVE of a perspecgtive it can give researches
74
What are the 8 specific examples of topics that that are appropriate for field research?q
1. practices- behaviors
2. episodes- variety of events like divorce
3. encounters- two or more
4. roles and social types- positions people occupoy
5. social and personal- relationships- mother-soon friends
6. groups and cliques- small groups, friends athletics
7. organzizations- hospitals, schoold
8. subcultures and lifestyles - ruling class or undercl;ass?
75
What is a complete participant?
Someone who participates complete like in a protest to conduct their field research
76
What is an observer(Alien/martian)?
Not a aprticipant at all, just observes natural behaviors
77
What is a researcher participant?
establishing role as researcher to the subjects
78
What is ibjectivity?
Renmaining obkjective and not being influenced by subjectq
79
What is relexivity?
Engaging with subjects on a more perosnal level.
80
What is Natualism?
An approach to field reasearch based on the assumption that an ibjectgive social reality exsists and can be observed and reported accurately
81
What is Ethnography?
A report on social life that focuses on detailed and accutrate descriptions rather than explinations
82
What is Ethnomethodology>
An approach to the study of social life that focuses on the discovery of implicit, usually unspoken assumptions and agreement
83
What is Grounded theory?
An inductive approach to the study of social life that attempts to generaste a theory form the constant comparing of unfolding observations
84
In relation to grounded theory what are the 5 guidelines to follow?
Think conservatively
Obtain Multuiple viewpoints
Periodically step back
Maintain an attitude of skepticism
Follow the research procedures
85
What are case studies?
The in depth examination of a single instance of some social phenomenon
86
What are extended case methods?
A techniques in which case study observations are used to discover flaws nin and to improve exsistiong social theories.
87
What is Institutional ethnography?
A research technique in whicch the personal expireneces of individuals are used to reveal power relationshoips and other charecteristics of the institution within which they operate
88
What is Participatory action research?
An approach to social research in which the people being studiesd are given control over the purpoxsse and procedures of research
89
What are the 7 stages in complete interview process?
1. thematizing- comingup with themes and concepts
2. designing-laying out your process
3. Interview
4. Transcribing
5. AnalyzingDetermine meaning of data
6. Verifying-checking relaiablity and validity
7. reportiong
90
What are focus groups?
A group of subjects interviewedd together, prompting a discussion
91
Advabntages of focus groups?
fast flexible low cost
92
Disadvantages of focus groups?
Researchers have less control, analytically difficult
93
What are the strengths of qalitative research?
Effective for studying subtle nuances in attitudes, behaviors and social processes over time
flexible andinexpensice
94
Waknesses of qualitative research?
No appropriate statistical analyses
95
In relation to qualitative research the validity is _____ than survey experiments and but there are _______ with reliuability
greater, potential problems
96
How should you record observations in emprircal research?
1. Record everythingd your interpertstion of them,
2. Take notes, use trigger words while events transpire and record and rewrite later
3. take detailed notes but balance with observations
97
iN RELATION TO PREPARING FOR FIELD RESEARCH WHY IS REVIWEING LITTERATURE IMPORTANT?
sO YOU ARE KNOWLDEGABLE ON THE SUBJECT AND LEARNIGN ABOUT WHAT OTHERS HAVE SAID ABOUT THE ISSUE
98
In relation to preparing for research what is important about the use of informants?
That they can provide you an entry way into the social phenomenon you are hoping to study, but there may be issues wit the informant that they might be a social outcast in their group or , the information thaty provide you on the suibject may be a mix of FACT AND POV
99
In relation to field research what does Establishing intial contacts mean?
EStablishing a rappaport, be wary of who yui chose as a contact member, can determine the responses from subjects
100
What ios a rappaport?
An open and trusting relationships
101
How does a field interview differ from norma;l convos?
IOn normal conversations we spend more time thinking sabout what we want to say however it is crucial for us to be more of listeners to zaccuratelyu resppind to what the interviewee is saying and to probe when needed and obtain good results
102
What are the ethical issues that emerge from qualitative field research?
Talking to people not knowing youre recoridign everything,
use informants to gain entry
pay people for access to lives
103
What is evaluation research?
Determining the impact of some social intervcention such as a program aimed at solving a social problem
104
Purposes of evaluation research?`
Study, appraise and help improve social programs
105
What is a Needs assesment study?
Studies that aim to determine the exsistence and extent of problems typically among a segment of the population
106
What are cost-benefit studies?
The costs of implementing an intervention justifiable based in the outcomes in produces ?
107
What are monitoring studies?
Collect information about how the variables of interest change over time
108
Evaluation research is appropriate whenever some _____________ occurs or is planned?
Social intervvention
109
What is a socail intervention?
An action taken within a social context for the purpose of producing some intended result
110
Why is it important to identify the purpose of an intervention?
So we know the varibales, can measure the outcomes and can adjust to and for the response variable for the problem we are studying. After all if we do not know possible cnofunding uissues or rthe measures we are studying in relation to this then the intervention will be unsuccessful
111
What are expiremental contexts?
Contexts or measurements that relate to the exipirement and external influences that might play a role (IE employment program, howeve3r, look at overall employment rates in society)
112
Why is it important to specify and measure interventions in evaluation research?
Because there might be saome outside effects to the results of the measurements like in the job program, those who fully participated and did not goof off, or in relation to psychotherapy, if certsin therapist got differing results
113
Provide advice for operatrionalizing success or failure?
it dependes on the agrreed upon notion. IE: A 50 dollar language program that causes a 20 percent increasein test scores is more successful than a 100 dollar test score that causes a 15 point increase in test scores
114
wHAT ARE QUASI EXPIREMENTS?
Lacking control group and opr preteting and postesting and random assignment of subjects to groups
115
What is a time series desidng?
Involves measurement made over some period of time
116
What is a non equivalent crontrol group
A control grooup that is similar to the expiremental groupo but is not created by the random assignment of subjects
117
Multiple time series design?
The use of more than one set of data that were collected overtime so that comparisons can be made
118
What is an example of Multiple time series designs
Conncticut crackdown on highway intervention buit comparing it with data from other neighboring states to be sure the program was the reasons for less speeding
119
Why is it Important to include qualitative measure s in evaluation research?
sO YOY CAQN GAIN AN IN DEPTH UNDERSTANDING OF THE PROCESSES PRODUCING THE OBSERVED RESULTSOR PREVENT EXPECTED RESULTS FROM APPEARING
120
What are logistical problems
getting subjects to do what they are
supposed to do.
Evaluation research occurs within the context of real life.
Often, compliance is a problem- what do you do with subjects
that don’t participate in the entire program?
