Exam 3 Flashcards
(143 cards)
1
Q
What is Quantification analysis?
A
Some data is inherently numerical (eg age, number of children) other ddata can be numerically coded to be used in quantitative analyses (race, sex, political affiliation)
2
Q
In relation to Quantification of Data, what are two ways to develop code categories?
A
- Use well developed coding scheme
2. Generate codes from your data
3
Q
You should always provide the reader with the _______ degree of detail balanced with presenting data in a ______ form
A
Fullest, managerable
4
Q
What is a codebook?
A
The document used in data processing and analysis that tells the location of different data items in a data file
5
Q
The codebook also ______ the locations of data items and the meaing of the codes used
A
Identifies
6
Q
What are the two purposes of the codebook>
A
Primary guide in the coding process (data entry)
Guide for locating cariables (during analysis)
7
Q
What is a univariate analysis?
A
The analysis of a single variable for purposes of description
8
Q
In relation to univariate analysis, what is a continuous variable?
A
A variablewhose attributes form a steady progression such as age or income
9
Q
In relation to univariate analysis, what is a discrete variable?
A
A variable whose attributes are seperate from one another such as gender or political afiliation
10
Q
In relation to univariate analysis, what are Frequency Distributions?
A
A description of the number of times the various attributes of a variable are observed in a sample
11
Q
In relation to Univariate analysis what is a central tendency?
A
Average- an ambigious term generally suggesting typical or normal
12
Q
What is an example of a central tendency?
A
Mean median or mode
13
Q
What is the definition of Mean?
A
An average computed by summing the values of several observations. Interval or ratio variables
14
Q
What is the definition of the mode?
A
An average representing the most frequently observed value or attribute
15
Q
What is the definition of Median?
A
An average representing the value of the middle case in a rank ordered set of observations.
16
Q
What is the definition of Dispersion?
A
The distribution of values around some central value such as the mean, median or mode
17
Q
What is Standard deviation?
A
A measure of dispersion around the mean calculated so that approximately 68 percent of the cases will lie within plus or minus one standard deviation from the mean. 95 percent within 2, 99.9 percent within three
18
Q
In relation to Dispersion and standard deviation the curve for a small standard deviation id A) (Large/skinny)? and for a large standard deviation B) (Large/ Skinny)
A
A. Skinny
B. Large
19
Q
What are subgroup compariasons?
A
Descriptions of subsets of cases subjects or respondents
20
Q
What is a bivariate analysis?
A
The analysis of two variables simyltaneously, for the purpose of determining or explainign the empirical relationship between them
21
Q
In relation to a bivariate analysis what are the two main principles to consider when constructing a Bivariate Table?
A
- determine the logical direction of relationship (IV DV)
2. Percentaging a table
22
Q
How do you know whether to percentage down or percentage across?
A
That depends on te location of the IV in the table
23
Q
What is a contingency table?
A
A format for presenting thre relationship among variables as percentage distributions
24
Q
What are the 5 guidelines for presentation of tables in a Bivariate Analysis?
A
- A table should have a heading or title that describes what is contined in the table
- original cotent should be clearly presented
- the attributes of each variable should be clearly indicated
- The base on which percentage are computed should be indicated
- issing data should be indicated in the table
25
What is a multivariate analysis?
The analysis of the simultaneous relationships among several variables (explanatory)
26
Which of the following describes the analysis of more than two
variables?
A. experimental designs
B. quasi-experimental designs
C. qualitative evaluations
D. multivariate analysis
D.
27
```
. The process of converting data to numerical format is called
_____.
A. feminist research
B. qualification
C. quantification
```
C.
28
Which of the following are basic approaches to the coding
process?
A. You can begin with a well developed coding scheme.
B. You can generate codes from your data.
C. both of the above
D. none of the above
C. The following are basic approaches to the coding process: you can
begin with a well developing coding scheme and/or you can generate
codes from your data.
29
A _____ is a document that describes the locations of variables
and lists the assignments of codes to the attributes composing those
variables.
A. cross-case analysis
B. codebook
C. constant comparative method
D. monitoring study
B. A codebook is a document that describes the locations of variables
and lists the assignments of codes to the attributes composing those
variables.
30
The _____ is an “average” computed by summing the values of
several observations and divided by the number of observations.
A. frequency
B. mean
C. median
D. mode
B.
31
7. Which of the following are aimed at explanation?
A. multivariate analysis
B. bivariate analysis
C. univariate analysis
D. both A and B
D. Multivariate analysis and bivariate analysis are aimed at explanation.
32
What is the defiition of Qualitative analysis?
The nonnumerical examination and interpertation of observations .
33
What is the purpose of Qualitative analysis?
Discovering underlying meanings and patterns of relationships.
34
Wat is a cross-case analysis?
An examination of more than one case;can be either variable or case oriented
35
What is variable oriented analysis?
Describes/ and or explains one or more variabels
36
What is a case- oriented analysis?
Aims to udnerstand a particular case or several cases by looking closely at the details of each
37
Grounded theory method is an ______ approach to research
Inductive
38
Who were the main controbutors to grounded theory method?
Barry glaser and Anselem strauss
39
In grounded theory method how are theories generated?
from examination of data rather than being derived deductively
40
________ ________ Method is a component of Grounded theory method?
Constant comparative
41
In constant comparative method observations are....?
Constantly compared with one another and with the evolving inductive theory
42
What is Semiotics?
The study of signs and the meanings associated with them
43
What is Conversation analysis?
A meticulous analysis of the details of conversation, based on a complete transcript that includes pauses hems and haws
44
What is Open coding?
The initial classification and labeling of concepts
45
1.What is axial coding? 2, What is it aimed at?
1. A reanalysis of the results of open coding in the GTM
| 2. Identifying important and general concepts
46
In grounded theory method what is selective coding?
Coding that builds on the results of open and axial coding to organize a central concept in which all other concepts fit in to.
47
What is the purpose of Memoing?
describe and deine concepts, deal with methological issues,or offer intial theoretical formulations.
48
What is concept mapping?
The graphic display of concepts and their interelations
49
What are Descriptive statistics?
Statistical computations describing either the charecteristics of a sample or relationship among variables in a sample
50
Descriptive statistics _______ a set of sample observations.
summarize
51
What is (PRE) Proportiantite reduction of error?
1. Knowing about one variable often tlls us something about other variables
sometimes it tells us a lot sometimes it tells us us relatively little
the more it tells us the greater the error is reduced
52
What is an example of PRE?
If we know how much education someone has we can imporve our ability to estimate how much they earn
53
What is a Regression Analysis?
Relationships among variables are represented in the form of an equation called a regression equation
54
What is a Linear Regression Analysis?
Stat analysis that seeks the equation for the straight line that best describes the relationship between two ratio variables .
55
What is a Multiple Regression Analysis?
equation representing the impact of two or more independent variables on a single dependent variable.
56
What is Partial Regression analysis?
effects of one or more variables are held constant
57
What is a Curvilinear Regression Analysis?
Allows relationship among variables to be expressed with curved geometric lines instead of straight ones
58
What are inferential statistics?
making inferences from findings based on simple observations to some larger population.
59
What is a Nonsampling Error?
The errors of data quality that are not a result of samping error, like miscoding
60
What is Statistical signifigance?
A general term referring to the likelihood that relationships observed in a sample could be attributed to sampling error alone. represented as P
61
What is a Test of Statistical Signifigance?
Stat computations that indicate the likelihood that the relationship observed between variables in a sample can be attributed to sampling error only
62
What is the the Level of Signifigance?
The degree of likelihood that an observed emprirical relationship could be attributed to sampling error
63
What at what level is a relationship considered signifigant?
0.5
64
What is a path analysis?
Form of multivariate analysis, in which the causual relationships among variables are presented in a grapic format
65
What is a time-series analysis?
an analysis of changes in a variable over time
66
What is a factor analysis?
A complex algebraic method for determining the general dimensions of factors that exsist within a set of concrete observations
67
What is Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)?
MOA (Method of analysis) in which cases under study are combined into groups representing an IV and the extent to which the groups differe from one another is analyzed in terms of some dependent variable
68
What is a discriminant analysis?
MOA similar to multiple regression, except that the dependent variable can be nominal.
69
What are Log Linear models?
Data analysis technique based on specifying models that describe the interrelationships among variables and then comparing expected and observed table cell frequencies.
70
What is Odds Ratio?
Stat technique for expressing the relationship between variables by comparing the odds of different occurances
71
What is GIS (Geographic Information System)?
Analytic technique in which researchers map quantitative data that describe geographic units for a graphic display.
72
In relation to writing research what is an abstract?
A summary of the research article. Staes purpose of the research
73
In relation to writing research what is a research monograph?
A book length research report either published or unpublished.
74
In relation to writing research, what is plagirism?
Presenting someone elses work as your own
75
What is a URL?
Web address, typically beginning with http: Stands for Uniform resource locator.
76
What is an example of a qualitative analysis
semiotics, grounded theory method, constant comparative method,
77
In relation to the ways of looking at patterns in research topics, what are Frequencies?
How often does something occur?
78
In relation to the ways of looking at patterns in research topics, what are Magnitudes? (think of the absue example)
What are the different levels? How brutal is the abuse
79
In relation to the ways of looking at patterns in research topics, what are Structures?
What are the different types/ categories?
80
In relation to the ways of looking at patterns in research topics, what are Processes?
Is there qany ordfer among the elements of strcuture or the categories (for example if the structueres of abuse are physical mental, sexual, does one start off with mental then move to phusical)
81
In relation to the ways of looking at patterns in research topics, what are Causes?
What are the causes? is it more common in different groups?
82
In relation to the ways of looking at patterns in research topics, what are Consequences?
If we were studying child abuse, how does it effect the child?
83
What is the constant comparative method used in GTM,?
Where one collects data, does not taking, codes, memos and compares different data sets that have followed this process
84
What are the four stages of the constant comparative method?
1. What are the concepts
2. How are the concepts defined
3. General outline of theory
4. writing theory
85
When coding, what is the difference in using pre-exsisting codes, or crating your own?
Pre exsisting codes have already been created however, You can create yoir own through GTM by using open axial and selective coding
86
What does coding as a physical act require?
Physically coding and reorganizng data.
87
What are code Notes?
Identify the codes you are using with specific definitions
88
What are theoretical notes
May cover numerous topics, how concepts relate, deeper/underlying meanings, etc. as we try to make sense of our data
89
What are Operational Notes?
Specifically for methodological issues
90
In relation to the Fundemental assumptions of conversation analysis, it is believed that "Conversation is a _______ constructed activity"?
socially
91
In relation to the Fundemental assumptions of conversation analysis, it is believed that "Conversations must be understood _______"
Contextually
92
In relation to the Fundamental assumptions of conversation analysis, it is believed that Conversational analysis aims to understand the _______ and meaning of conversation through excruciatingly accurate _______ of conversations
structure, transcripts
93
What are the common elements in a Code book?
Abbreviated variable name, numerical label, variable definition, variable attributes
94
What is an example of a univariate analysis?
Measuring a variable such as what social class you identify with and the frequency of that.
95
In relation to mean media and mode, if there is a skew to the left, is that positive of negative?
Negative
96
In relation to mean, median, and mode if there is a skew to the right is that positive of negative?
Positive
97
What is an example of a continuous variable?
Age because it increases steadily with *time*
98
What is an example of a discrete variable?
sex or religious affiliation because they are discontinuous and there is no progression or they are op piste from-one another
99
What are the guidelines for balancing the demands of detail vs manageability of data presentation?
You should aim to provide the most amount of detail while while balancing it with it bbeing in a manageable form.
100
What are the goals of uni bi and multivariate analysis?
Uni- analysis of single variable for the purposes of descripion
Bi- Explaing the comparisons between twovariables
Multi- explanatory of multiple relationships between variables
101
What is an example of subgroup comparisons?
Asking a question on should legalizing marijuana be legalized and then also matching that up with their political affiliation (subgroup)
102
What are two techniques for handling "Don't know's?"
Leave them in or out
103
How are multivariate tables presented?
Sex, class, approve, disapprove
104
What is the differece between descriptive and inferential statstocs?
Descriptive- describes relationships between vsariables
inferential- once data is collected we use that to make an inference about the society as a whole
105
What is Data Reduction?
Summarizing a large amount of data in a way readers can easily understand.
106
What is an example of data reduction?
Reduction of data from unmanageable details to manageable summaries
107
In relation to measures of association Nominal Variables would be titled as?
Lambda
108
In relation to measures of association Ordinal variables would be titled as?
Gamma
109
In relation to measures of association Interval and Ratio variables would be titled as?
Pearsons r
110
In relation to to cautions about making inferences," Sample must be drawn from the_________about which inferences are being made
Population
111
In relation to to cautions about making inferences, Inferential statistics assume what 3 things?
1. Simple random samp
2. sampling with replacement
3. 100 percent completion rate
112
In relation to to cautions about making inferences "Inferential statistics are addressed to sampling error only not non sampling error" T O F?
True
113
We always test against the __________ __________ that there is no relationship between variables?
Null Hypothesis
114
In relation to the logic of statisticall sigifigance, what does it assume?
Representativeness of sdamples selected through conventional probablity sampling procedures
115
In relation to the logic of statisticall sigifigance if Assumption 1 is true then any difference...?
Observed in the actusal sample should reflect actual differences in the population.
116
What are confidence levels?
P= 0-1
117
What are confidence intervals?
99% 95% etc
118
What is an example of a ime series analysis?
crime rates over the years
119
What is an example of factor analysis?
Lots of categorical elements that describe thigs like delinquent acts
120
How should you go about reading a journal article?
1. Read the abstract
2. Skim the artcle, noting section headings and tables and graphs
3. Read article in its entirety
4. review the article
121
What questions can you ask when assessing theoretical orientations in research reports?
Is there a theoretical perspective? are hypotheses linked to theory?
122
What questions can you ask when assessing Research design in research reports?
This covers many of the basics of the resarch process; the goals of the study the units of analysis, the incorporation of time
123
What questions can you ask when assessing Measurement in research reports?
What are the concepts and variables of interest? How are they being measured?
124
What questions can you ask when assessing Sampling in research reports?
What was the particular sampling strategy employed, can you identify pop, what was the size of the sample
125
What questions can you ask when assessing Analysis in research reports?
What is the particular data analsis strategy used by researcher? are they appropriate give data collected
126
What questions can you ask when assessing Reporting in research reports?
How does researcher link current study to prior research?
127
What questions can you ask when assessing Experiments in research reports?
Outcome of interest and the stimulus used. pretest postest, expiremental control group
128
What questions can you ask when assessing Survey questions in research reports?
How were questions worded , were they open or closed ended, what type of survey design
129
What questions can you ask when assessing Field research in research reports?
What is link between teory and research, what considerations went into selecing case, what role did researcher play in field work
130
What questions can you ask when assessing Analyzing existing statistics in research reports?
What was the source of the data, what were particular questions the original data set was intended to answer
131
In relation to the fuctions of scientific reporting what is Audience?
Understand who your audience is and how ou might want to dejargonize or summarize certain findings before to give background knowedlge into your stud so you don't leave people in the dust
132
In relation to the fuctions of scientific reporting what are the different Forms and Length of Report?
research notes, working papers, professional papers, articles, and books.
133
What are research notes?
reports, 1 o 5 pages, shuld be consice and direct
134
What are working papers?
Constiotutes a tentative presentation with an implicit requewst for comments.
135
What are Proffessional papers?
Similar to working papers in the sense you are presenting findings to your colleagues, however, these are usually at proffessional conferences or meetins
136
What are articles?
Article published in acedemic journal, most popular research report. 25 pages double spaced
137
What is a book?
Most prestegous form of research report.
138
In relation to the fuctions of scientific reporting what are the Aims of the report?
Is it explanatory, elporatory, or descriptive?
139
In a research report what is the Purpose and Overview?
Provide a brief statement of the purpose of the study and the ma findings
140
In a research report what is the Review of the Literature?
Fit your research int the context of existing scientific knowledge
141
In a research report what is the Study design and Execution?
Includes population, sampling frame, sampling method, sample size, data collection method, completion rate, and methods of data processing and analysis
142
In a research report what is the Analysis and Interpretation?
The presentaion, Manipulation and interpretation of data should be integrated together
143
In a research report what is the Summarry and conclusions?
Review significant findings in the contexrt of the larger project and exsistng scientific research, review shortcomings and make suggesting for future research.
