Exam 2 Flashcards
(124 cards)
Euphemism
- way to obscure meaning, an inoffensive or mild expression given in place of one that may offend, cause embarrassment, or suggest something unpleasant
- can diffuse emotional charge associated with controversial or difficult concepts
- can give something a more positive connotation
Ex: saying passed away instead of died
Appeals to needs
- attempts to move people to action by calling on physical and psychological requirements and desires
Maslows hierarchy of needs
- physical, safety, social and self esteem needs
Complementing
- the use of nonverbal cues to complete, describe, or accent verbal cues
Ex: I missed the cup by inches (uses thumb and index to show how close)
Or a person needs help immediately, so he yells as loudly as possible
Doublespeak
- deliberate misuse of language to distort/conceal meaning
Ex: the company is downsizing, really means their laying off employees
Groupthink
- a dysfunction in which group members value the harmony of the group more than new ideas, examining own assumptions, changing flawed decisions or allowing new members to participate
Character
- based on their perceptions of your trustworthiness and ethics (honest and fair)
1) trustworthiness- the audiences perception of a speakers reliability and dependability
2) ethics - an individual’s system of moral principles
Establish by:
- citing correctly (oral footnote - specific about from whom and where your info came)
- not falsifying or distorting info to make a point
- respecting your audience
Paralanguage/Vocalics
- the way we vocalize or say the words we speak
- includes speech rate, accents, articulation, pronunciation and silence
- vocal fillers like “um” “like” are because of subculture, nervousness and habit
- includes pitch, vocal force, rate, quality, and pauses
- the way we vary our voices conveys different meanings to receivers
Descriptors
- words used to describe something
Body movements
- reveals a lot about physical states and the extent to which we possess certain traits
- 5 Categories
1) Emblems- translate directly to words
Ex: peace sign means peace
2) illustrators- accent, reinforce, or emphasize a verbal message
Ex: a child holds up his hand to indicate how tall he is saying he’s a big boy, instructor underlining a word on a PowerPoint slide to emphasize it
3) regulators - control, monitor, or maintains interactions between or among speakers and listeners
Ex: eye contact, nod of the head, looking at clock or wristwatch
4) affect displays- body movements that express emotions
Ex: sad face, slouching, jumping up/down
5) adaptors- help one feel at ease in communication situations
Ex: scratching, smoothing hair, putting hands in front of face, moving closer to someone
Indiscrimination
- the neglect of individual differences and the overemphasis of similarities
- often results in stereotyping (categorizing of events, objects, and people without regard to unique individual characteristics and quality)
- often negative
Subtopics:
1) indexing
2) dating
Substituting
- replaces a verbal message with nonverbal signals to exchange thoughts
Ex: two people use hand signals to communicate because the environment is too noisy to hear each others voices
Artifacts
- personal adornments or possessions that communicate information about us
Ex: body piercings, tattoos, grooming, glasses, clothing
Question of fact
- persuasive topic
- asks what is true and what is false
- facts that can be verified with little debate
- could try to predict answers to questions that could become fact
Ex: who created Facebook?
When will science find a cure for cancer?
Norming
- worked through differences
- rules and norms are established
- members are recognized for certain skills and abilities
Using language effectively
- use accurate language
- use vivid language
- use immediate language
- use appropriate language
- use metaphorical language
Connotation
- subjective meaning of a word, what a word suggests is based on the context in which a word is used,
- the understanding of the person receiving it because of the feeling it evokes
Personal space
- ranges from distances of 1.5 to 4 feet between people
- conversations with close friends/relatives
- feel uncomfortable if someone we don’t know well enters this zone
Storming
- members begin to take on important issues - when differences and emotions about the issues being discussed surface
- conflict
Cohesiveness
- characteristic of small group
- the attraction that group members feel for each other and their willingness to stick together
- a form of loyalty
Eye behavior
- oculesics: study of eye movement or behavior
- any movement or behavior of the eyes
- part of kinesics
Adjourning
- group completes task and is ready to move on to other tasks or disband
Grammar
- rules that govern how words are put together to form phrases and sentences
Monroes Motivated Sequence Pattern
5 step sequence to organize persuasive speeches that need immediate action
1) Attention- gain attention of audience
2) need- show the need for change
3) satisfaction- provide a solution to the need
4) visualization- intensify desire for the solution by visualizing its benefits
5) action- urge the audience to take action in support of the solution
1) linguistic determinism
2) linguistic relativity
- part of Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
1) theory that language determines thought
2) the theory that people from different language communities perceive the world differently