Exam 2 Flashcards
Euphemism
- way to obscure meaning, an inoffensive or mild expression given in place of one that may offend, cause embarrassment, or suggest something unpleasant
- can diffuse emotional charge associated with controversial or difficult concepts
- can give something a more positive connotation
Ex: saying passed away instead of died
Appeals to needs
- attempts to move people to action by calling on physical and psychological requirements and desires
Maslows hierarchy of needs
- physical, safety, social and self esteem needs
Complementing
- the use of nonverbal cues to complete, describe, or accent verbal cues
Ex: I missed the cup by inches (uses thumb and index to show how close)
Or a person needs help immediately, so he yells as loudly as possible
Doublespeak
- deliberate misuse of language to distort/conceal meaning
Ex: the company is downsizing, really means their laying off employees
Groupthink
- a dysfunction in which group members value the harmony of the group more than new ideas, examining own assumptions, changing flawed decisions or allowing new members to participate
Character
- based on their perceptions of your trustworthiness and ethics (honest and fair)
1) trustworthiness- the audiences perception of a speakers reliability and dependability
2) ethics - an individual’s system of moral principles
Establish by:
- citing correctly (oral footnote - specific about from whom and where your info came)
- not falsifying or distorting info to make a point
- respecting your audience
Paralanguage/Vocalics
- the way we vocalize or say the words we speak
- includes speech rate, accents, articulation, pronunciation and silence
- vocal fillers like “um” “like” are because of subculture, nervousness and habit
- includes pitch, vocal force, rate, quality, and pauses
- the way we vary our voices conveys different meanings to receivers
Descriptors
- words used to describe something
Body movements
- reveals a lot about physical states and the extent to which we possess certain traits
- 5 Categories
1) Emblems- translate directly to words
Ex: peace sign means peace
2) illustrators- accent, reinforce, or emphasize a verbal message
Ex: a child holds up his hand to indicate how tall he is saying he’s a big boy, instructor underlining a word on a PowerPoint slide to emphasize it
3) regulators - control, monitor, or maintains interactions between or among speakers and listeners
Ex: eye contact, nod of the head, looking at clock or wristwatch
4) affect displays- body movements that express emotions
Ex: sad face, slouching, jumping up/down
5) adaptors- help one feel at ease in communication situations
Ex: scratching, smoothing hair, putting hands in front of face, moving closer to someone
Indiscrimination
- the neglect of individual differences and the overemphasis of similarities
- often results in stereotyping (categorizing of events, objects, and people without regard to unique individual characteristics and quality)
- often negative
Subtopics:
1) indexing
2) dating
Substituting
- replaces a verbal message with nonverbal signals to exchange thoughts
Ex: two people use hand signals to communicate because the environment is too noisy to hear each others voices
Artifacts
- personal adornments or possessions that communicate information about us
Ex: body piercings, tattoos, grooming, glasses, clothing
Question of fact
- persuasive topic
- asks what is true and what is false
- facts that can be verified with little debate
- could try to predict answers to questions that could become fact
Ex: who created Facebook?
When will science find a cure for cancer?
Norming
- worked through differences
- rules and norms are established
- members are recognized for certain skills and abilities
Using language effectively
- use accurate language
- use vivid language
- use immediate language
- use appropriate language
- use metaphorical language
Connotation
- subjective meaning of a word, what a word suggests is based on the context in which a word is used,
- the understanding of the person receiving it because of the feeling it evokes
Personal space
- ranges from distances of 1.5 to 4 feet between people
- conversations with close friends/relatives
- feel uncomfortable if someone we don’t know well enters this zone
Storming
- members begin to take on important issues - when differences and emotions about the issues being discussed surface
- conflict
Cohesiveness
- characteristic of small group
- the attraction that group members feel for each other and their willingness to stick together
- a form of loyalty
Eye behavior
- oculesics: study of eye movement or behavior
- any movement or behavior of the eyes
- part of kinesics
Adjourning
- group completes task and is ready to move on to other tasks or disband
Grammar
- rules that govern how words are put together to form phrases and sentences
Monroes Motivated Sequence Pattern
5 step sequence to organize persuasive speeches that need immediate action
1) Attention- gain attention of audience
2) need- show the need for change
3) satisfaction- provide a solution to the need
4) visualization- intensify desire for the solution by visualizing its benefits
5) action- urge the audience to take action in support of the solution
1) linguistic determinism
2) linguistic relativity
- part of Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
1) theory that language determines thought
2) the theory that people from different language communities perceive the world differently
Facial expression
- configurations of the face that can reflect, augment, contradict, or appear unrelated to a speakers message.
- facial expressions convey the most information.
Six basic emotions
1) anger
2) fear
3) happiness
4) sadness
5) surprise
6) disgust
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
- an explanation of how thought influences our reality and how our thought process is influenced by our language
- explains the connection of culture and language
2 theories:
1) linguistic determinism
2) linguistic relativity
Pendulum effect
- part of polarization
- escalating conflict between two individuals or groups that results from their use of polar terms to describe and defend their perceptions of reality
Concrete words
- symbols for specific things that can be pointed to or physically experiences
- represent specific tangible objects and their meaning is clear
- become more concrete as get more specific
Ex: flag, house, soda, food
Consideration
- a dimension of leadership that focuses on establishing good interpersonal relationships on being liked by group members
(Relationship-orientated)
Semantics
- the study of meaning, or the association of words with ideas, feelings, and contexts
1) indexing
2) dating
- way to reduce indiscrimination
1) identifying the specific persons, ideas, events or objects a statement refers to
2) another technique for reducing indiscriminate - sorts people, ideas, events, and objects according to time
Kinesics
- referred to as body language, any movement of the face or body that communicates a message
Charisma
- the appeal or attractiveness that the audience perceives in the speaker
- contributes to credibility
Fact vs opinion
- speakers that state opinions as if they are facts
Initiating structure
- a dimension of leadership style that focuses on getting the job done (task-orientated)
Continuance
- an action asking listeners to demonstrate their acceptance of an attitude, belief, or value by continuing to perform the behavior suggested
- try to keek an existing behavior rather than begin a new one
Ex: continue to purchase and consume more organic food
Either or reasoning
- only 2 options exist, right or wrong, no in between
Language
- a structured system of signs, sounds, gestures, or marks used to express ideas and feelings among people within a community
- can influence perceptions of others and allows us to share meaning with others
Sexist language
- part if gender inclusive language
- creates sexual stereotypes or implies that one gender is superior to another
- language can perpetuate stereotypes
Language commonalities
- words mean different things to different people
- meaning of words change from time to time
Maintenance needs
- related to organizing and developing a group, so that members can realize personal satisfaction of working together
Ex: atmosphere, role, structure, responsibility
1) High context culture
2) Low context culture
1) a culture in which the meaning of the communication act is inferred from the situation or location, language is indirect, nonspecific and not assertive
Ex: if go to dinner no hidden agenda only dinner talk
2) the meaning of communication act is inferred from the messages being sent and not the location where the communication occurs, more assertive and direct
Ex: conducting business at dinner
4 Elements of Language
1) sounds - not all people make sounds in the same way, can differ based on religions or culture
2) words- symbols that stand for objects and concepts, have meaning because cultures give them meaning
3) grammar- rules that govern how words may be joined into phrases and sentences, crucial to competent communication
4) meaning- gives language purpose
- semantics: the association of words with ideas, feelings and contexts
Immediate (verbal immediacy)
- identifies and projects the speakers feelings and makes the message more relevant to the listener
- draws listener in and involves them
- more likely to view messages as similar to their own beliefs
Accurate language
- not being accurate can distort an intended message, misguide the listener and undermine your credibility
Three modes of persuasion
1) ethos (credibility)
- speakers character as perceived by the listeners
2) logos (logic)
- the substance of the speech or the logical appeals the speaker makes
3) pathos (emotion)
- the speakers evoking of appropriate emotion from the listeners
Question of value
- persuasive topic
- asks whether something is good or bad
- desirable or undesirable
- values are relatively long lasting ideals that guide behavior
Ex: is a vegan diet really superior?
Target audience
- the portion of the whole audience that the speaker wants to persuade
Territoriality
- the need for us to identify certain amounts of space as our own
- aspect of proxemics