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RUSVM Large Animal Surgery 2017 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Osteochondrosis

A

Process of abnormal bone and cartilage formation

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2
Q

Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD)

A

Lesions that penetrate the joint surface, creating inflammation and effusion

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3
Q

Bone formation

A

Chondrocytes form calcified columns in hypertrophic zone

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4
Q

What forms Primary Spongiosa?

A

Osteoblast using calcified columns

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5
Q

What is the pathophysiology of OCD?

A

Failure of blood vessels to penetrate the calcified cartilage
Occlusion of canals
Epiphyseal necrosis due to mechanical shearing, stress concentration, blunt trauma, or repeated damage

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6
Q

What is the pathophysiology of OCD at a young age?

A 
Thickened cartilage
Cyst-like changes
Degeneration of cartilage 
Uncalcified cartilage not vascularized 
Cracks in pathological cartilage
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7
Q

What is the pathophysiology of OCD in an adult?

A

Subchondral fibrosis
Fibrocartilage covers the defect
Sclerosis of subchrondral bone
Osteophyte formation

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8
Q

What is the etiology of OCD?

A

Genetics
Nutrition
Trauma
Combo of factors

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9
Q

What are the genetic causes of OCD?

A

Rapid growth potential
familial tendencies
Mostly in males

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10
Q

What are the Nutrition causes of OCD?

A 
Decreased Ca and Increased P
Excess zinc 
Copper deficit 
Vitamin A and D deficiency 
High protein diet 
High caloric intake
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11
Q

What are the clinical signs of OCD?

A 
Insidious to acute onset 
Lameness
Decreased ROM 
Pain on manipulation 
Synovial effusion 
Bog spavin for tarsal crural joint 
Bilateral
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12
Q

Where do you find Equine OCD?

A 
Tibiotarsal joint (Hock)
Stifle 
Fetlock 
Cervical vertebrae
Shoulder
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13
Q

What is the most common place for Equine OCD?

A

Tibiotarsal joint

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14
Q

Where do you find Equine OCD in the tibiotarsal joint?

A 
Distal intermediate ridge of the tibia 
Lateral trochlear ridge 
Medial trochlear ridge
Medial malleolus 
Lateral malleolus
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15
Q

Where do you find Equine OCD in the stifle?

A

Lateral trochlear ridge
Medial trochlear ridge
Medial femoral condyle (cyst)

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16
Q

Where do you find Equine OCD in the fetlock?

A

Sagittal ridge of MC III
Caudal eminence of P1
P1 or MC III cyst

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17
Q

How do you treat Equine OCD?

A 
Rest 
Intra-articular medication 
Surgery - Arthrotomy
Joint supplements
Chondroprotective agents
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18
Q

What are the goals of joint therapy for OCD?

A 
Decrease joint inflammation 
Decrease cartilage degradation 
Decrease pain 
Maintain/improve athletic performance
Promote longevity 
improve quality of life
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19
Q

What are the chondroprotective agents for Equine OCD?

A 
Glucosamine 
Chondroitin sulfate
Hyaluronic acid 
Polysulfated glycoaminoglycans
Anti inflammatory drugs - NSAID, corticosteroids
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20
Q

What are the advanced surgical options for Equine OCD?

A

Cartilage resurfacing
Osteochondral dowel grafts
Autologous chondrocyte transplantation
Gene therapy

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21
Q

Engineered matrix

A

Harvested matrix from the abattoir and then decellularized to reduce rejection.
Seed the matrix with chondrocytes

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22
Q

Gene therapy

A

IL-1 antagonist can insert the antagonist into the joint

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23
Q

What are the advantages of Arthroscopy?

A 
Minimal joint trauma
Joint evaluation 
Remove debris
Chip Removal 
Infection reduced
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24
Q

What are the disadvantages of Arthroscopy?

A

Equipment cost

Set up time

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25
What is the Egress canula used for?
to flush out debris
26
Where is the most common place for chip fractures of the carpus?
distal radial carpal bone
27
Where is the place for chip fractures of the carpus?
Distal radial carpal bone proximal intermediate carpal bone distal lateral ridge
28
Laparoscopy
a procedure done with a laparoscope a thin lighted tube used to look inside the abdomen. A type of endoscope but with a tiny video camera
29
What are the advantages of Laparoscopy?
Rapid return to function Relatively noninvasive quick to perform
30
What are the disadvantages of Lapraroscopy?
Expense of equipment Skill of surgeon Video image is 2D
31
What are the indications for Laparascopy?
``` Chronic weight loss Colic Intraabdominal hemorhage Peritonitis Neoplasia Adhesiolysis Vaginal-uterine tears Rectal tears Rectal prolapse Mesocolic ruptures Gastric ruptures Abdominal abscesses Uterine artery ruptures Orchidectomy Ovarioectomy Granulosa Cell Ovarioectomy Colopexy Cystorraphy Cystotomy Inguinal herniorrhaphy Removal of infected umbilical remnants Evaluation of pleural cavity ```
32
What are the landmarks for standing laparoscopy?
Tuber coxae 18th rib Internal abdominal oblique muscle
33
What are the complications of Laparoscopy?
Post Op discomfort due to carbon dioxide creating carbonic acid Hemorrhage of the caudal epigastric artery + vein Local incision infection
34
GIA
Gastro-intestinal Anastomosis
35
ILA
Intra Luminal Anastomosis
36
TA
Thoracoabdominal
37
LDS
Ligating Dividing Stapler
38
EEA
End-to-End Anastomosis
39
When do you use the LDS?
mesentery of the bowel
40
LDA
Left Displaced Abomasum
41
What are the causes of LDA?
Abomasal atony Decreased rumen volume calving Abomasum changes in dimension, position or volume
42
What are the causes of Abomasal atony that cause LDA?
increased abomasal VFA hypocalcemia metritis mastitis
43
When would a cow most likely be affected with LDA?
Last 3 months of gestation | First 3 months of lactation
44
How does the LDA move?
Transverse | Leftward
45
What are the clinical signs of LDA?
Refuse grain Normal temp still passing feces Tympany in left flank
46
How do you surgically treat an LDA?
Right flank omentopexy Left flank abomasopexy Right paramedian abomasopexy Closed suture or bar technique
47
What are the nerve block options of Right Flank Omentopexy?
Proximal paravertebral block Distal paravertebral block Inverted L block Line block
48
What are the indications for Digit Amputation?
``` Severe penetration of sole Septic arthritis of the distal and proximal interphalangeal joints Septic tenosynovitis flexor tendon necrosis Pedaal osteomyelitis Phalangeal luxation distal phalanx fracture Severe DJD of the distal interphalangeal joint ```
49
Describe Septic Arthritis of DIP Joint
Periosteal reaction Asymmetric swelling of soft tissues Bony lysis around joint
50
What is the treatment for Septic Arthritis of DIP Joint?
Digit Amputation or surgical arthrodesis
51
What are the treatment options for Chronic Septic Arthritis of DIJ in cattle?
Facilitated ankylosis Arthrotomy and Curettage Amputation Culling
52
Clinical signs of Septic Arthritis of DIJ
Swelling Draining tract Laceration Puncture
53
What structures are involved in Septic DIJ in cattle?
``` P2 P3 Navicular bursa/bone DDFT/sheath PIJ ```
54
How do you diagnose Septic Arthritis of DIJ in cattle?
PE Probing of draining tract Fistulogram Radiographs
55
What are the advantages of Digit Amputation?
``` Rapid surgery Inexpensive Good short term results All affected tissues are removed Rapid return to production ```
56
What are the disadvantages of Digit Amputation?
Expected production life decreased Poor response in heavier animals Poor cosmetic result
57
What is important to note about Digit Amputation?
Less successful on the medial digit of the thoracic limb Less successful on the lateral digit of the pelvic limb Less successful with increasing body weight
58
What is the complications of digit Amputation?
Rapid breakdown of supporting structures: | Disrupting of soft tissues, cruciate ligaments, interdigital ligaments, and flexor tendons
59
How do you treat Acute septic Arthritis of DIJ?
IA Lavage with LRS and 0.9% NaCl IA antibiotics Systemic antibiotics
60
What is the cause of Septic Arthritis of DIJ?
``` Pododermatitis White Line disease Peri-articular wound Interdigital wound Interdigital necrobacillosis ```
61
How do you Facilitate Ankylosis?
Treat infection Remove the articular cartilage Immobilize
62
What are the advantages of Ankylosis?
Longer productive life Better ambulation Improved longevity
63
What are the disadvantages of Ankylosis?
Expense Slow return of production Prolonged treatment/recovery
64
Why choose surgical anklylosis?
Value of animal Weight of animal Digit affected Longer production potential
65
When is Surgical Anklyosis recommended?
Heavy animals Hind lateral digit sepsis Front medial digit sepsis
66
What is the Common cause of hindlimb lameness?
Bone Spavin
67
Bone Spavin
DJD of distal intertarsal and tarsometarsal joints
68
Describe Sickle Hocked
"Camped under" | Poor conformation
69
What is a common western performance horse conformation problem?
Cow Hocked
70
What are the five basic joints of the tarsus?
``` Tibiotarsal joint Proximal intertarsal joint Distal intertarsal joint tarsometatarsal joint talocalcaneal joint ```
71
Grade 1 Bone Spavin
very small osteophyte distolateral central tarsal bone
72
Grade 2 Bone Spavin
a small osteophyte proximal dorsolateral MT III
73
Grade 3 Bone Spavin
a medium osteophyte distomedial central tarsal bone
74
Grade 4 Bone Spavin
a large osteophyte proximal dorsolateral MTIII bone
75
Cause of Bone Spavin
Chronic repetitive compression, torsion and shear strains
76
Surgical Treatments for Bone Spavin
Ankylosis | Cunean Tenectomy
77
Medical treatment for Bone Spavin
``` Intra-articular medications: Corticosteroids Chondroprotectives Autologous anti-inflammatories Phenylbutazone Exercise adaptation Corrective shoeing ```
78
How do you cause Mechanical Ankylosis?
Drill out joints using drill bit
79
How do you cause Chemical Ankylosis?
70% Ethanol | MIA (Monoiodoacetate)
80
What is the post-operative care for drilling of a joint?
Phenylbutazone Bandaging x2 weeks Hand walking x 2 weeks post op Light riding 3-4 weeks post op
81
Laser Facilitated ankylosis
destroys cartilage by superheating and vaporizing synovial fluid
82
How do you treat the fracture of the first phalanx?
Internal fixation with screws + cast | Place 1st screw proximally in order to align articular surface
83
When would you perform a fetlock arthrodesis?
Complete rupture of SDF, DDF, and suspensory ligament Septic arthritis Fractures of the medial and lateral sesamoid,cannon bone, P1
84
Treatment of Splint Bone fractures?
Rest Segmental ostectomy Removal of distal portion ORIF
85
Treatment of Proximal splint fractures?
Wound management Removal of loose fragments Internal fixation
86
What is the surgical treatment for Splint fractures?
Removal of fracture fragments Removal of residual distal splint bone Internal fixation of proximal fragment if the removal of greater than 2/3 distal splint Segmental Ostectomy
87
What is important to remember about internal fixation?
If plating a splint bone DO NOT engage MCIII!
88
What are the causes of Splint Exostosis?
Direct trauma | ligamentous inflammation
89
What is the conservative treatment for Splint Exostosis?
Rest NSAIDs Local DMSO/ or infiltration with corticosteroids
90
What is the surgical treatment for Splint Exostosis?
Linear incision over site with en bloc removal | Segmental ostectomy
91
How do you prevent bucked shins?
Allocate more training efforts to regular short distance breezing and less long distance galloping
92
What is the medical treatment for bucked shins?
``` Distal/proximal metaphyseal regions Rest NSAIDs Reduced exercise program Radiographic monitoring ```
93
What is the surgical treatment for Bucked shins?
Osteostixis + screw
94
What are the causes of Proximal sesamoid bones?
Excessive tension from suspensory | Trauma
95
What are the most common fracture of the proximal sesamoid bones?
Apical fractures
96
What is the treatment for Apical sesamoid fracture?
Arthroscopic removal | Internal fixation of large fragments
97
What type of fracture requires internal fixation?
Midbody sesamoid fracture
98
What do you use to fixate Midbody sesamoid fracture?
Lag screw | Circumferential cerlage wire
99
What is superior to wire fixation?
Screw fixation with arthroscopic guidance
100
What is the treatment for Abaxial sesamoid fracture?
If intra-articular = arthroscopic removal | If extra-articular = conservative management
101
How do you create Teaser animals?
Vasectomy/Epididectomy | Penile-prepuce translocation
102
What causes the Muscular contraction for erection?
Bulbospongiosus | Ischiocavernosus
103
What drugs can be used for Extension of the penis?
Xylazine | Acepromazine
104
What methods are used to castrate?
Newberry Knife Elastrator Callicrate Burdizzo
105
What causes Ulcers of the preputial orifice?
Hair clipped too short Urine accumulates Urease-producing organisms producing ammonia Ulceration and secondary infection
106
Decubital ulcer in rams
Show rams that are overweight, little exercise, recumbent
107
What is the treatment for decubital ulcers in rams?
surgical excision
108
Phimosis
inability to extend penis
109
Paraphimosis
Inability to retract penis
110
How do you treat minor constriction/cicatrix?
Make longitudinal incision | suture transversely
111
How do you treat persistent frenulum?
surgically | Slaughter offspring due to heritability
112
What do you perform for penile anesthesia?
Pudendal nerve block Dorsal penile nerve block Local infiltration
113
How do you treat penile warts?
Use the commercial skin wart vaccine
114
How do you diagnose Erection failure?
caavernosography
115
What does Entropium cause?
corneal ulceration/perforation
116
What technique do you perform for squamous cell carcinoma of the lower eyelid?
Sliding flap technique
117
What are the layers of the cornea?
``` Tear film Corneal epithelium Corneal stroma Descemet's membrane Endothelium ```
118
What are the clinical signs of Keratitis?
Blepharospasm Epiphora Corneal edema Cornea opacity
119
Treatment of undermined ulcer
Swab away the bacteria and fungus from the edge of the ulcer use a specialized curette to scrap the superficial epithelium
120
How do you treat a deep corneal ulcer?
Conjunctival pedicle flap
121
Staphyloma
Aqueous humor washes into the anterior chamber and carries the iris into the gap in the cornea
122
Endophthalmitis
infection of the laceration inside the eye
123
What is the treatment for Endophthalmitis?
Enucleation
124
Iridocyclitis
inflammation of the iris
125
What is the cause of Equine recurrent uveitis?
Unknown | Autoimmune: Bacteria, Virus or Parasite
126
Clinical signs of Equine recurrent uveitis
``` Photophobia Blepharospasm Lacrimation conjunctivitis Cornea oedema vascularization Hypopyon Miosis Posterior synechiae ```
127
Uveitis
Inflammation of the entire vascular tunic
128
Treatment for Equine Recurrent Uveitis
``` Phenylbutazone Atropine Dark Stall Topical corticosteroids Vitrectomy ```
129
Why do you remove supernumerary teats?
Prevent mastitis Interfere with milking Cosmetics
130
How do you remove supernumerary teats?
Pincer emasculatome + Simple interrupted suture
131
Thelotomy
Full-thickness incision through wall of teat
132
What instruments do you use for Thelotomy?
``` Lichty teat knife Spiral teat curette Hugs teat tumor extractor Cornell teat curette Alligator forceps ```
133
When do teat lacerations commonly happen?
First month of calving
134
What is important to remember about teat lacerations?
'The closer they are to the base the better the blood supply is the better the healing"
135
Angular Limb deformities
postural deformities in the frontal place of the limbs with either lateral or medial
136
How far should the front and hind limbs need to be apart normally?
one hoof
137
Carpus valgus
limbs bend medially inward
138
What are the causes of Carpus valgus?
``` Periarticular laxity Incomplete ossification of carpal bones Hypothyroidism Overloading of the limb Physeal trauma Physeal infection ```
139
Cellulose acetate overlay steps
1. radiograph 2. trace bone outlines 3. bisect long bone axis or place lines through joint space 4. measure angle
140
Medical Treatment for Carpus Valgus
stall rest hoof trimming + Dalmer shoes PVC pipe splint or cast
141
Surgical treatment for carpus valgus
``` Hemicircumferential periostal transection and elevation (periosteal stripping) Growth retardaton (transphyseal bridging) Corrective osteotomy (closing wedge osteoectomy or step osteeoctomy) ```
142
What are the causes of Rectal tears?
Iatrogenic from the animal straining against the operator's hand and arm Spontaneous post foaling Enema Meconium extraction with forceps
143
Where are most rectal tears?
dorsally
144
How do you prevent rectal tears?
Copious lubrication Adequate restraint Sedation Muscle relaxant
145
Diagnosis of rectal tears
Sudden release of pressure sudden ability to palpate abdominal organs distinctly Blood on sleeve
146
Grade 1 rectal tear
Mucosa and submucosa torn
147
Grade 2 rectal tear
muscular layer disrupted | Mucosa and submucosa may prolapse into defect and provide site for fecal impaction
148
Grade 3a rectal tear
all layers except serosa
149
Grade 3b rectal tear
involved mesorectum and retroperitoneal tissue
150
Grade 4 rectal tear
All layers into abdomen | May be associated with prolapse of small colon or small intestine through defect
151
Initial treatment of rectal tears
``` Treat septic shock and peritonitis - Antibiotics, Flunixin, and fluids Reduction of rectal motility Epidural anesthesia Gentle packing of rectum Referral ```
152
What is the non surgical treatment for Grade 1 or 2 rectal tear?
Antibiotics and Flunixin
153
What is the non surgical treatment for Grade 3 rectal tear?
Frequent removal of feces | Peritoneal lavage
154
What is the surgical repair for rectal tear?
Direct suture repair Temporary indwelling rectal liner Loop colostomy
155
Which type of colostomy is easy to reverse and perform?
Loop Colostomy
156
Where is the location of the loop colostomy?
High left flank Low left flank ventral midline
157
What are the complications of the Loop Colostomy?
Dehiscence | Infection
158
In what animal is rectal prolapse common?
Young feedlot cattle
159
What are the predisposing factors of rectal prolapse?
``` Any breed, sex or age Altered pressue gradient Decreased sphincter tone Constipation Diarrhea Colitis Cystitis Dystocia Excessively short tail cropping of sheep ```
160
Type 1 Rectal Prolapse
only mucosa projects through anus
161
Type 2 Rectal Prolapse
Prolapse of all layers of rectum
162
Type 3 Rectal Prolapse
Small colon intussuscepts into rectum
163
Type 4 Rectal Prolapse
Rectum/Colon intussusception through anus
164
Clinical signs of Rectal Prolapse
Mucosal mass protruding from anus
165
Management of Rectal Prolapse
Eliminate predisposing factors Eliminate straining Soothe mucosa Resolve prolapse
166
Rectal Prolapse treatment
``` Caudal epidural anesthesia Perirectal Injection of iodine Purse string suture Submucosal resection Stair step amputation/ amputation after through and through sutures ```
167
What is the treatment for type IV rectal prolapse?
Celiotomy Resection Anastomosis
168
Why would you perform a perirectal injection of iodine for rectal prolapse?
causes irritation and swelling anus to hold the rectum in
169
What is the main concern for Type IV rectal prolapse?
tear in the mesentary due to the colon protruding and stretching the blood supply
170
Wha do you use to replace the rectal prolapse?
Caudal epidural Clean prolapse with hypertonic saline or Glycerol Lidocaine jelly Reduce prolapse
171
When would you perform a submucosal resection for the treatment of rectal prolapse?
Necrotic, Ulcerated, | traumatized mucosa
172
Which amputation technique reduces the risk of stricture formation with rectal prolapse?
Stair step amputation
173
What are the clinical signs of Esophageal Choke?
``` Bloat Salivation Coughing/Retching Nasal discharge Extended head and neck Protruding tongue ```
174
How does esophageal choke cause bloat?
Type 1 vagal indigestion
175
How do you diagnose Esophageal choke?
Endoscopy Radiography with contrast Esophagography Ultrasound
176
What are the differential diagnoses for Esophageal choke?
Pharyngeal trauma | Rabies
177
What are the causes of Esophageal Choke?
``` Foreign body obstruction Hedge apple potato Cabbage beets turnips corn sharp foreign body ```
178
What are the complications Esophageal Choke?
Unable to eructate = bloat Loss of saliva = metabolic acidosis Aspiration pneumonia
179
What is the medical treatment for esophageal choke?
Manual retrieval Wire snare Push into rumen
180
What is the initial treatment for Esophageal Choke?
Decompress rumen with a needle and suction or Red devil trocar Hold off feed and water until resolved
181
What are the layers of the Esophagus?
Adventitial layer Muscular layer Submucosa Mucosa
182
What are the associated structures with the esophagus?
``` Recurrent laryngeal nerve Carotid sheath Vagosympathetic trunk Tracheal lymphatic trunk Deep cervical lymph node ```
183
What are the challenges associated with esophageal surgery?
``` "Dirty" procedure No serosal layer Constant movement Constant suture line tension Proximity of laryngeal nerve ```
184
What should you place in a ruminant that will be off feed for 24-48 hours?
Rumen Fistula
185
What is the surgical treatment for esophageal choke?
Cervical Esophagotomy
186
What layers provide tensile strength for esophageal closure?
Mucosa/submucosa
187
What contributes to the complications post op for esophageal surgery?
lack of serosa
188
What should you do if the tissues of the esophagus are compromised caudal to the repaired esophagus?
Esophagostomy
189
What is a better alternative for Esophagostomy in ruminants?
Rumenostomy
190
Temporary Rumen Fistula
Immediate relief of chronic bloat | Direct feeding into the rumen
191
What are the indications for Rumenostomy?
Chronic bloat Foreign body Reticular abscess Type II vagal indigestion
192
How do you diagnose that you have abomasal or omasal dysfunction?
Measure chloride in the rumen
193
How would you remove fluid from the rumen?
Gravity | Kingmand tube
194
What is the closure for the Rumenotomy?
2 layer inverting closure
195
What are the clinical signs of Right sided heart failure from Traumatic reticuloperitonitis?
Distended jugular Brisket edema Tachypnea
196
What is the murmur associated with Traumatic reticuloperitonitis?
washing machine murmur
197
What are the clinical signs of Traumatic reticuloperitonitis?
``` washing machine murmur febrile painful Distended jugular Brisket edema Tachypnea ```
198
What is the treatment for Traumatic reticuloperitonitis?
``` Oxytetracycline Drain pericardial effusion Pericardectomy Rib resection Foreign body removal Procaine Penicillin G Exploratory Surgery in the right flank ```
199
What is the sequelae to Traumatic Reticuloperitonitis?
constrictive pericarditis
200
What are the clinical signs of cleft palate in calves?
milk nasal discharge
201
What plants cause Cleft palate?
Poison hemlock | Tobacco
202
What are the causes cleft palate?
Iatrogenic via oropharyngeal medications | Congenital or acquired
203
How do you treat tongue laceration?
tourniquet on the tongue with wedge resection
204
How do you treat Intersucking or Cross sucking?
Nose ring | Cut the lateral aspect of the tongue on the underside to reduce curling of the tongue
205
What is the #1 cause of heifer mastitis?
Cross suck/ Intersucking
206
How do you treat a torn nose ring?
infraorbital block and figure 8 suture pattern to fix the nasal septum
207
How do you treat lumpy jaw?
``` Surgical resection of bone masses PPG injections Oral tetracyclines Antibiotics impregnated beads Sodium iodide ```
208
What arteries and nerves should you be careful of when dehorning cattle?
Cornual Artery and nerve
209
What anesthesia and analgesia should be used when dehorning?
2% lidocaine Flunixin Meglumine Meloxicam
210
What are the chemical methods of dehorning?
Caustic paste
211
What is the thermal method of dehorning?
Dehorner (Cautery)
212
What is the cutting method of dehorning?
``` Tube Scoop/gouge Keystone Power Ob Wire ```
213
What is the best method for dehorning?
Genetic removal! | BREED IT OUT!
214
What method of dehorning can be used on calves less than 8 weeks old?
Tube gouge dehorner
215
What method of dehorning can be used on calves 3 months to 1 year old?
Scoop "barnes dehorner"
216
What method of dehorning can be used on large horns?
Keystone dehorner
217
What nerves must you block for dehroning goats?
Infratrochlear | Lacrimal
218
When should you dehorn buck kids?
3-5 days
219
When should you dehorn doe kids?
5-7 days
220
What are the complications of dehorning?
Hemorrhage | Infection
221
How do you treat hemorrhage from dehorning?
"pulling" or ligating the arteries
222
What are the clinical signs of infection from dehorning?
Febrile Lethargic inappetant malodorous discharge
223
What is the most common complications to dehorning?
Sinusitis
224
What is the most common sinus affected by dehorning?
Frontal sinus
225
What are the clinical signs of sinusitis?
``` Nasal discharge Discharge from dehorning site Facial distortion Halitosis Dull sinus percussion ```
226
What is the most common bacteria causing sinusitis?
Trueperella pyogenes
227
What is the treatment for sinusitis?
Open drainage and lavage Trephine holes in sinus Lavage with LRS, 0.9% NaCl
228
What is the medical management for Arytenoid chondritis?
Sodium iodide
229
What is the surgical treatment for Arytenoid chondritis?
Laryngotomy- sharp excision of cricoid and 3 rings
230
Tracheostomy
Emergency procedure Incision at junction of cranial and middle 1/3 of neck Split paired muscles incise annular ligament
231
Describe Ulcers of the hoof
Inflammation of the corium Blood and fluid exudate with compression of corium by P3
232
How do you treat a solar ulcer?
Expose the ulcer by finding the ulcer margins and removing the horn NSAIDs Local infiltration of regional anesthesia
233
How do you diagnose a Chronic sole abscess?
Radiographs | Fistulogram
234
What nerves can be blocked for regional anesthesia of the rear leg?
Superficial peroneal nerve Deep peroneal nerve Medial and lateral plantar nerve
235
How do you treat a Sole Abscess?
``` Dish sole to redistribute weight Trim affected claw size Debride sole Raise the diseased digit with a hoof block retain block 4-6 weeks ```
236
Why do you use a hoof block?
Reduce weight bearing on abnormal claw
237
Vertical Fissue - "Sandcrack"
Damage to periople Usually of front lateral claw In older animals with high BCS
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How do you treat an infected Sandcrack?
Pare horn open tract drain purulent material
239
How do yo treat a Sandcrack with granulation tissue?
Debride Open tract Apply block to sound hoof
240
How do you treat Sandcrack?
Wire together | Add copper sulfate + Polymethylmethacrylate to disinfect and seal
241
"Corns"
Interdigital hyperplasia Fibrous mass between the digits due to chronic irritation in high BCS animals can become ulcerated and painful
242
How do you treat "corns"?
``` Removal Sedation Tourniquet with IV block or Local block treat underlying cause if infected allow to heal by second intention May wire toes together to reduce spread of claws ```
243
How do you prevent Corns?
Improve hygiene | Hoof trimming
244
On what claws of the front limb do you find corkscrew claw?
Medial claw
245
On what claws of the hind limb do you find corkscrew claw?
Lateral claw
246
How do you control corkscrew claw?
hoof trimming every 6 months

RUSVM Large Animal Surgery 2017 (14 decks)

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