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RUSVM Large Animal Surgery 2017 > Repro Surgery > Flashcards

Repro Surgery Flashcards

(106 cards)

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1
Q

Teaser Surgery

A

Detect or aid in Identification of estrus to allow females to be bred by males of greater genetic material

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2
Q

What are the types of Teaser Surgery?

A

Vasectomy

Epididectomy

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3
Q

Vasectomy

A

Removal of ductus deferens for male infertility

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4
Q

Epididectomy

A

Removal of the tail of the epididymis

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5
Q

What should you avoid when performing an Epididectomy?

A

Avoid cutting into the testicle as this will result in profuse bleeding

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6
Q

Urolithiasis

A

Obstruction of the distal urinary tract with calculi

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7
Q

What are the indications for castrating horses?

A

Behavior changes

1- 11/2 years

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8
Q

What are the indications for castration for farm animals?

A

Increased growth rate

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9
Q

When do you castrate pigs?

A

10-14 days

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10
Q

What are the types of castration?

A

Surgical

Blunt

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11
Q

What are the indications for Burdizzo emasculation?

A

Teat amputation
Tail docking
Bloodless castration

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12
Q

What are the complications of bloodless castration?

A

Scrotal sloughing
Slips
Clamping of penis

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13
Q

What is an open castration?

A

Cutting through the vaginal tunic

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14
Q

What are the different types of emasculators?

A 
Plain emasculator 
Reimer
Serra
Serra modified
White 
White modified
Hausmann
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15
Q

What is a characteristic of Reimer emasculator?

A

Third handle to cut off the testicles

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16
Q

Which emasculator is best for standing castration in horses?

A

Serra modified emasculator

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17
Q

Why do you not perform a double ligation in castration?

A

increased risk of infection

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18
Q

Where are the testis located at birth in the foal?

A

in the inguinal canal

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19
Q

How long does it take for the testes to descend in the foal after birth?

A

1-2 weeks

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20
Q

Cryptorchidism

A

Any animal that does not have two testes palpable in their entirety below the external inguinal rings.

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21
Q

What are the forms of Cryptorchidism?

A

Inguinal
Abdominal
Incomplete abdominal

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22
Q

Incomplete Abdominal

A

the teste is in the abdomen and the inguinal canal

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23
Q

What side is it most common to see abdominal retention?

A

Left

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24
Q

What is the cause of Cryptorchidism?

A

Improper function of gubernaculum
Inguinal ring too small in diameter
Hormone imbalance
Hereditary

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25
How do you diagnose Cryptorchidism?
``` Stallion-like behavior Palpation Ultrasound Laparoscopy Hormonal assay ```
26
What is the advantage to standing Cryptorchid surgery?
fast recovery
27
What is the disadvantage to standing Cryptorchid surgery?
expensive equipment
28
What is the most common way to perform a Cryptorchid surgery?
Dorsal recumbency with general anesthesia
29
What is the aftercare for a Cryptorchid surgery?
``` should be standing before leaving Tetanus Immunization Antibiotics NSAIDs stall rest one day Forced exercise twice daily ```
30
What are the complications of Cryptorchid surgery?
``` Swelling Hemorrhage Scirrhous cord Hydrocele Evisceration Peritonitis Masculine behavior Iatrogenic penile trauma Penile paralysis anesthetic accidents ```
31
Hydrocele
Fluid filled painless swelling
32
Episioplasty
Caslick's procedure Perineal body reconstruction Perineal body transection
33
What causes Pneumovagina?
Poor conformation | Injury
34
Pneumovagina
Prevent aspiration of air into vagina
35
Why do you need to prevent pneumovagina?
``` Vaginitis Cervicitis Metritis Infertility Noise production ```
36
How do you prepare a horse for surgery for the treatment for pneumovagina?
``` Standing (stocks) Manual removal of feces Sedation Bandage tail Scrub + Disinfect Local anesthetic infiltration Epidural anesthesia ```
37
What is the aftercare of Vulvoplasty (episiotomy)?
Remove before foaling
38
What are the indications for Perineal body reconstruction?
Ineffective vulvar + vestibular seal Failed caslicks procedure Rectovestibular injuries
39
What is the aftercare for Perineal body reconstruction?
4-6 weeks sexual rest | Episotomy at foaling
40
When do you perform a perineal body transection?
Forward sloping of vulva
41
What is the signalment of the mares with perineal body transection?
Older mares with many foals
42
How do you close a perineal body transection?
Suture | Second intention healing
43
What are the clinical signs of Urovagina?
Vaginitis Cervicitis Endometritis Decreased conception rates
44
What causes Urovagina?
Pneumovagina Ectopic ureter Excessive closure of Caslick's
45
What is the surgery to repair Urovagina?
Caudal relocation of transverse fold
46
What are the techniques used for Caudal urethral extension (urethroplasty)?
Brown McKinnon Shires Monin
47
On what type of animal would you perform a Shires technique Urethroplasty?
Older mares with loose connective tissue
48
Foaling injuries
``` Perineal lacerations Rectovestibular fistulae Vaginal contusions Vaginal rupture Cervical lacerations Uterine rupture Uterine hemorrhage Uterine prolapse Urinary bladder: Eversion, Prolapse, Rupture GIT injuries ```
49
What layers are affected with a First degree Perineal laceration?
Only mucosa, vestibule, vulva
50
What layers are affected with a Second degree Perineal laceration?
Mucosa + submucosa
51
What layers are affected with a Third degree Perineal laceration?
Perineal body Anal sphincter floor of rectum
52
What is the treatment for Third degree Perineal laceration?
Surgery
53
What is the cause of perineal laceration?
Primiparous mares Fetal malposition Nose or foot catches vulvovaginal fold
54
How do you repair third degree perineal lacerations?
``` Local debridement Tetanus prophylaxis Repair in 4-6 weeks post partum After weaning Diet change Standing ```
55
What are the four surgical principles of third degree perineal lacerations?
minimum tension on suture line Broad contact of wound surfaces Strong suture material reduce amount of feces
56
What are the two techniques for rectovestibular repair?
Aanes method | Goetze or Vaughan method
57
How long after the first stage of repair in the Aanes method do you perform the second stage repair?
2-3 weeks later
58
How long should you wait for breeding after rectovestibular repair?
6 weeks post op
59
Rectovestibular fistula
laceration of dorsal vestibula into rectum without disruption of perineal body or anal sphincter
60
How do you repair a small Rectovestibular fistula?
can close spontaneously
61
How do you approach a repair for a Rectovestibular fistula?
Via rectum | Via vestibula / perineal body
62
How do you repair a Rectovestibular fistula?
Direct closure of fistula
63
Why would you perform a unilateral Ovariectomy?
Granulosa cell tumor | Ovarian abscesses
64
Why would you perform a bilateral ovariectomy?
Eliminate estrous | Eliminate nymphomania
65
What are the preoperative ovariectomy considerations?
Off feed 12-24 hours pre op Laparoscopy; off feed for 12-48 hours Rectal palpation + ultrasound Diestrus or anestrus?
66
What would you treat with post operatively after ovariectomy?
Abx | Tetanus
67
How do you perform the ovariectomy?
Standing Colpotomy Laparoscopy
68
What are the approaches for Ovariectomy?
Flank Ventral midline Paramedian Laparoscopy
69
Colpotomy
ovariectomy through the vagina
70
What are the complications of ovariectomy?
Suture dehiscence Post op pain Colitis Laminitis
71
What are the advantages of laparoscopy vs celiotomy?
Smaller incisions Direct visualization Tension-free ligation Shorter post op recovery
72
What are the fetal causes of dystocia in the mare?
``` Large foal size Abnormal foal posture Abnormal foal presentation Abnormal foal position Deformities ```
73
What are the maternal causes of dystocia?
Old pelvic fractures Cervical strictures Uterine torsion Uterine rupture
74
How long after the c section should you remove the sutures?
10 days
75
Reefing
involved the removal of a circumferential ring of preputial tissue
76
What are the reasons for Segmental posthectomy in the equine?
``` Removal of: Neoplasms Granulomas Scar tissue Chronic thickening Penile paralysis ```
77
How do you prepare an equine for Segmental posthectomy?
Dorsal recumbency GA Catheterizaton of the urethra Tourniquet
78
What should you avoid when performing a segmental posthectomy?
Large longitudinal sq branches of the external pudendal arteries and veins
79
What is the aftercare for segmental posthectomy in equine?
Isolate from mares for 2-4 weeks after | Regular exercise to reduce edema
80
What are the potential complications for segmental posthectomy in the equine?
Edema Hematoma formation Infection Dehiscence
81
Phallectomy
Amputation of the penis
82
What are the indications for phallectomy in the equine?
Irreparable penis damage Penis paralysis Extensive neoplasia
83
What is a possible treatment for penile squamous cell carcinoma in the equine stallion?
Hypothermia therapy | Phallectomy
84
How do you prepare a patient for phallectomy?
``` Castrate 3-4 weeks pre op Dorsal recumbency GA Catheterization of the urethra Tourniquet ```
85
What are the techniques for a Phallectomy?
Visnot's technique William's technique Scott's technique En block resection
86
How do you close the Visnot's technique?
Second intention healing
87
What are some complications of a phallectomy?
Colic Peritonitis Hematoma formation
88
What technqiue is warranted for the treatment of horses with extensive lesions of the penis and/or prepuce with metastasis?
En bloc resection | penne restroversion
89
What drug can cause penile paralysis?
Acepromazine
90
What is the aftercare of Phallopexy?
Castration Handwalk daily Remove percutaneous sutures in 10-12 days Heavy exercise 3-4 weeks post op
91
What are the testicular neoplasias of the stallion?
Seminoma Teratoma Interstitial cell tumor Sertoli cell tumor
92
When are cows suseptible to Cervicovaginal Prolapse?
Late pregnancy
93
What are the risk factors for cervicovaginal prolapse?
Fat Breed: Hereford, Brahman, or Romney Sheep Estrogenic feed Chronic use as embryo donor
94
What is the pathogenesis of Cervicovaginal prolapse?
Initial tissue irritation leading to cycle of straining/irritation starting at caudoventral vagina, just cranial to urethra/vestibulovaginal junction
95
What is the treatment for Cervicovaginal prolapse?
Epidural anesthetic Wash and clean Reduced with glycerol Keep in place with Buhner needle and umbilical tape
96
What predisposes sheet to prolaspe?
Tail docking
97
How can you distinguish between uterine prolapse and vaginal prolapse?
Caruncles present in uterine prolapse
98
When does Uterine prolapse occur?
after parturition in the first 12 hours
99
What predisposes to uterine prolapse?
Hypocalcemia and parturition
100
What drug would you give to relax the uterus for treatment of prolapse?
Epinephrine
101
What breeds are predisposed to hypocalcemia?
Jerseys | Guernseys
102
How do you prevent Cervicovaginal prolapse?
Permanent surgery | Address the risk factors
103
What are the options for Permanent surgery to treat cervicovaginal prolapse?
Vaginalpexy (Minchev) | Cervicopexy (Winkler)
104
How do you treat prolapse in a sheep?
Treat like a cow Wash and clean Reduce with glycerol Vaginal prolapse retainer
105
Does the vaginal prolapse retainer have to be removed for lambing?
No
106
What are the indications for C-section?
Relieve dystocia | Elective c-section

RUSVM Large Animal Surgery 2017 (14 decks)

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