Exam 2 Flashcards
(320 cards)
1
Q
Do domestic animals menstruate?
A
No
Only primates
Domestic animals have an estrous cycle
2
Q
Where are sperm produces
A
Tested
3
Q
Where are eggs (ovum) produced?
A
Ovaries
4
Q
Fertilized egg
A
Embryo or zygote
5
Q
Why is the growth of a dam so important
A
The fetus must pass through a bone opening that needs to be big enough so the fetus doesn’t suffocate
6
Q
What does the ovary contain thousands of
A
Follicles that contain an ovum or egg
7
Q
Follicles I’m litter bearing animals
A
Several follicles mature simultaneously
8
Q
Why do the follicles on ovaries receive an abundance of blood supply
A
Nutrients and hormones
9
Q
Hormones develop in response to
A
Hormones called gonadotropin
10
Q
Outcomes of follicles on ovaries
A
Some die and some become free floating after they rupture
11
Q
Follicular development occurs
A
At one ovary at a time
12
Q
Ovulation
A
The follicle ruptures and the egg releases
13
Q
What forms in place of a ruptured follicle
A
Corpus luteum
14
Q
Corpus luteum purpose
A
Secretes progesterone onto the bloodstream
15
Q
What happens after the corpus luteum dies
A
Corpus albicans
16
Q
Corpus means
A
Body
17
Q
Luteum means
A
Yellow
18
Q
Albicans means
A
White
19
Q
Function of corpus albicans
A
Nothing
20
Q
How long is the estrous cycle
A
21 days
21
Q
Specialized end of oviduct
A
Fimbriae
22
Q
Fimbria
A
Lacy edge of funnel shaped end close to ovary that picks up ovulated eggs
23
Q
Fertilization and early embryonic development take place on
A
The oviduct
24
Q
Embryo
A
Fertilized egg
25
Fetus
Implanted embryo in uterus
26
Gestation
Refers to pregnancy and more specifically how long she is pregnant
27
Muscular organ
Uterus
28
Responsible for housing fetus
Uterus
29
Secondary function of uterus
Releases hormone that regresses luteal tissue
30
Cervix function
Keeps bacteria from entering uterus
31
Cervix state during pregnancy
Tightly closed
32
Thick muscular organ
Cervix
33
Site of semen disposition
Vagina
34
Importance of observing sperm in breeding male
To make sure they are strong enough to make it to the end of the birth canal
35
External female genitalia
Vulva
36
Complementary to the ovary
Testicles
37
Why do the testicles drop?
Body temperature is too warm for sperm to develop
38
Scrotum
Surround testes
39
Testicle
Scrotum plus testes
40
Degree of drop in hot weather
Hang low in hot weather
| Keeps the developing sperm cooler
41
Vasectomy
Cut close or pinch off the vas def
| Still ejaculates but no sperm
42
Function of testicles
Produce sperm
| Produce hormones that get secreted into the bloodstream
43
Male hormones
Testosterone
44
Purpose of castration
Removing testicles to remove aggressive behavior in Males
45
A new group of sperm begins to develop every day
Three to seven days
46
How long does sperm take to mature
6 to 8 weeks
47
Where are sperm matured and stored
Epididymis
48
Seasonal breeders
Do not produce viable sperm year round
49
Vas deferns
Muscular tube
| The passage for sperm from epididymus to urethra during ejaculation
50
Which direction do sperm travel
Up
51
Sperm plus secondary sex organs
Semen
52
Function of penis
To get semen into female reproductive tract
53
Urethra
Central canal in the penis
54
Exit for reproductive and urinary systems
Urethra
55
Sheath
Specialized pouch in which the penis remains when not in use
56
Function of sheath
Producing pheromones
57
Why is it important to keep the sheath clean
Could build up products and obstruct the urethra
58
Hormones are..
Natural and produced by the body
59
Target tissue
Has receptor for a specific hormone
60
Endocrinology
Science of hormones
61
Three groups of reproductive hormones
Gonadotropins
Sex steroids/prostaglandins
Mammotrophins
62
Gonadotropins in females
Stimulate ovary
FSH
LH
63
Sex steroids/prostaglandins in females
Direct control of reproductive state
| Estrogen and progesterone
64
Mammotropins in female
Involved with lactation
65
Follicle stimulating hormone
Produced by the pituitary gland and travels through the bloodstream
Stimulates all stages of follicle growth, especially early periods
66
Where does FSH come from?
Brain
| Pituitary
67
What produces estrogen
Mature follicles
| Placenta and embryos
68
Where is estrogen secreted
Into the blood stream
69
When are estrogen levels high
Right before ovulation
70
Responsible for female mating behaviors
Estrogen
71
Lutenizing hormone
Stimulates final growth of follicles
Causes ovulation
Stimulates corpus luteum formation
72
What produces progesterone
Corpus luteum
73
What is progesterone responsible for?
Maintaining pregnancy
| Inhibits pituitary gland from creating more follicles
74
Prostaglandin causes
Uterine contractions at birth
| Luteal regression
75
Pro
For
76
Lactation
Giving milk
77
Where is prolactin produced?
Pituitary
78
Purpose of prolactin
Stimulates synthesis of milk
79
Purpose of oxytocin
Milk excretion
| Stimulates uterine contractions at parturition
80
Where is oxytocin produced?
Uterus and brain
81
Gestation
Period of time she’s pregnant
82
Parturition
Giving birth
83
Lactation
Secreting milk
84
Reproductive cycle
```
Estrous
Breeding
Pregnancy
Parturition
Lactation
```
85
How do reproductive organs communicate
Through hormones in the blood and nerves
86
Where is milk stored
Mammary gland
87
Puberty
The age at which an animal is capable of adult reproductive function
88
Female puberty
Estrus
89
Estrus
Production of fertile eggs and maintenance of pregnancy
90
Male puberty
Libido
91
Libido
Mating and production of fertile sperm
92
Estrous cycle
Repeatable sequence of events that results in female becoming sexually receptive
93
When are females receptive to the male
Ovulation time
“In heat”
“Estrus”
94
What destroys CL
Prostaglandin released from uterus if female is not pregnant
95
When a female is pregnant.. prostaglandins..
Are not released by the uterus
96
How do you know she’s pregnant
Ultrasound
| Recital palpation
97
Ultrasound
Probe inserted into rectum
98
Rectal palpation
Feeling the reproductive tract with your hand
99
Parturition
Birth process
100
What initiates parturition
Fetus
101
During lactation... blood status?
Enlarged milk veins
102
In males: FSH and LH involvement
```
Sperm production (spermatogenis)
Stimulate testosterone production is (mostly LH)
```
103
Natural breeding for males?
Sometimes
| Breeding soundness exam
104
Careers in animal reproduction
```
AI breeding technician
Boat stud manager
Bull stud manager
Equine breeding manager
Embryo lab technician
Semen lab technician
```
105
Animal reproduction
ANS 220 (domestic mammals)
106
Physiology
ANS 205 or ZO/BIO 250
107
Advanced reproductive
ANS 452
108
Goal of animal health
Prevent morbidity and mortality
109
Mortality
Death (in % of total animals)
110
Morbidity
Sickness (in % of total animals)
111
Animal health has two components
Prevention
| Treatment/management of sick animals
112
Prevention
Managing animals so they don’t become sick
113
Treatment
Isolation
| Medication
114
Healthy animal indications
Good body condition
Alert and aware
Interested in eating
Stays with group
115
Good body condition refers to
Amount of fat on body
| Fat is an energy reserve
116
What should you make sure of in your animals environment
Shelter
Sharp objects
No sudden changes in feed
117
Why is exercise important
For physical and mental health
118
Vet recommends providing
Deworm
| Vaccines
119
How does the immune system work?
Immunity response
| -production of antibodies
120
Antigen
Foreign substance in the body
121
Why do antibodies clump antigens together,
To get eaten by macrophages
122
Sick response comes from
First exposure to antigen
| Immune response
123
Factory cells
Stored antibodies for a specific decision that has already affected the body
Will only protect against one type
124
Why might an animal not show signs of sickness while fighting a disease?
The animals immune system remember the antigens of they’ve seen them before
Production of antibodies can be done quickly
125
Lymphocyte
Type of white blood cell that is a part of the immune system
126
Two types of lymphocytes
B cells and T cells
127
Where do lymphocytes comes from
Stem cells in bone marrow and
128
Where do B cells mature
Bone marro
129
Where do T cells mature
thymus
130
What do B cells produce?
Antibodies that are used to attack invading bacteria, viruses, and toxins
131
What do T cells do
Multiply in the thymus
132
Types of T cells
Memory
Helper
Regulatory
Cytotoxic
133
Memory T cells
Remember antigen
134
Peripheral tissue
The rest of the body
135
Where do T cells go
Through blood or lymph
136
Horse disease
West nile
137
How do vaccines work
Injected with harmless antigen
138
Two types of vaccines
Killed
| Modified live
139
Killed vaccine
Heat treated or dead
140
Important part of vaccinations
Animal must have a functioning immune system in order for a vaccine to work
141
Efficacy
How well a vaccine is going to prevent a disease
142
Ideal vaccine
Causes immune response to desired disease
Is safe with no serious side effects
Is stable during storage and shipping
Economical
143
Vaccines only prevent
Infectious diseases
144
Some vaccines cannot be used on
Pregnant animals
145
Titer
Antibody levels in blood stream
146
Pattern of antibody production in vaccines
Goes up then down
| Takes time to increase enough for the animal to be protected
147
How long does the antibody titer get the highest
3 weeks to a month
148
Stronger antibody response
Modified live
149
Most common vaccine
Killed vaccine
| Because most modified can’t be used on pregnant
150
How many times do you vaccinate
Twice for one vaccinate
One and then a booster
And then a booster every year
151
How are vaccines given
IM OR SQ
152
IM
Intramuscular
| Into the neck for livestock
153
SQ
Subcutaneous
| Under skin
154
New way of giving vaccines
Intranasal
155
Two types of immunity
Active
| Passive
156
Active immunity
Animals immune system makes antibodies to fight off the diseases
157
Passive immunity
Newborn gets antibodies from mother
158
Colostrum
First milk produced by the dam on first day
| Good source of nutrients and antibodies
159
Where are the antibodies absorbed in the newborn baby
Through large holes in the small intestine and into the bloodstream
160
Antibody hole close up within
12 hours
161
What kinds of antibodies are found in the colostrum
Antibodies the female has
162
What happens if the mare doesn’t produce milk
The animal will be healthy until exposed to a disease
| Then it usually does, often from a simple disease
163
How can colostrum be used in the future
It can be frozen and stored
| Can combine from several dams
164
Two types of diseases
Infectious
| Non infectious
165
What causes infectious diseases
Pathogenic organisms
166
Where do pathogenic disease organisms come from?
Environment or another animal
167
Pathogenic organisms
Spread from one animal to another
168
Non infectious diseases
Not contagious
| Can’t be cured with medication
169
Examples of non infectious diseases
Nutritional
| Genetics
170
How do you treat non infectious diseases
Control symptoms
171
People who work with animals should be vaccinated for
Tetanus
172
Where is tetanus bacteria located in an animal
GI Tract where it does no harm
173
Where is tetanus bacteria found?
Spores in the soil
174
When are tetanus spores a worry
When they come in contact with puncture wounds
175
What should people who work with unknown animals be vaccinated for?
Rabies and tetanus
176
Does rabies have a cure?
No
177
Zoonotic
Disease that can be transmitted from animals to humans
178
Examples of zoonotic diseases
Rabies
Ringworm
West nile
179
Immune globulins
Antibodies
180
Why should you never combine vaccines yourself
Could inactivate them
181
What should we minimize in animal health
Transmission possibilities
| Biosecurity
182
Disease diagnostic labs
Livestock can be taken here to discover cause of death if unknown
183
Necropsy
Systematic approach
| Autopsy on animals
184
What is involved with a necropsy
Gross anatomy
Histology
Bacteriology
Virology
185
Careers in animal health
Vet-8 yrs
Certified vet technician-2 yrs plus training
Pharm sales -BS
Research- masters (2 years beyond BS)
186
MRNA
messenger RNA
| Template which directs assembly of amino acids into proteins
187
Genomics
Estimating genetic composition of animals and the function of the genes
188
Proteomics
Estimating function of genes in animals based on proteins they produce
189
Population genetics
Estimating phenotypic change in populations of animals
190
Homeland of all dogs
East Asia
191
Chromosome
Collection of genes
192
Somatic cells have
Paired chromosomes
193
Gametes have
One copy of the chromosome
194
Diploid
Paired chromosomes
195
Haploid
One copy of the chromosome
196
Dilution gene
Gene that affects other loci
197
Breeding animals are selected based on
Genetics
198
Environmental characteristics
Affect the phenotype of an animal and cannot be selected
199
Heritability
Refers to what proportion of total variation or phenotypic differences among animals that is due to differences in genotype
200
100% heritable
Coat color and eye color
201
Most traits involve
Both a genetic and environmental component
202
The higher the heritability number
The greater the influence of genetics
203
Formula for genetic change
Selection differential x heritability
204
Selection differential
Superiority of selected animals compared o the average of a herd or group of animals
205
Crossbreeding purpose
To improve offsprings
206
Inbreeding
More closely related
207
Outcrossing
Mating breeds farther apart
208
Tracing maternal ancestry
DNA in mitochondria
209
Tracing paternal ancestry
Y chromosome
210
Epigenetics
The study of heritable changes in gene function that occur without a chance in the sequence of the DNA
211
Agriculture genetics
ANS 215
212
Animal genetic improvement
ANS 440
213
Careers in genetics
Swine breeding
Seed stock organization
Pedigree tracking
214
Tags on DNA
Can turn genes on or off
215
What can alter the epigenetic effect
Diet
| Toxins
216
Adult intact male cattle
Bull
217
Castrated male cattle
Steer
218
Adult female cattle
Cow
219
Immature female cattle
Heifer
220
Parturition term for cattle
Calving
221
Gestation length for cattle
9.5 months
222
Newborn animal for cattle
Calf
223
Term of reference for cattle
Bovine
224
Poll
Top of the head in between ears
225
Muzzle
Area with nostrils and mouth
226
Withers
Behind neck
| Before back
227
Elbow
Top of front leg
228
Knee
Lower bending point on leg
229
Heart girth
How big around
230
Pin bone
Bone where tail falls
231
Udder
Mammary gland
| 4 quarters
232
Teat
Where milk comes out
233
Hock
Where backleg bends
234
Dew claw
Vistigil toe on back
235
Hoof
Foot
236
Switch
Hair on top of tail
237
Holstein
Big black and white cows
238
Jersey cow
Smaller
| Less milk but rich
239
Dairy cattle breeds are in the
bos Taurus genus
240
The greatest number of dairy cows in NC are in
Piedmont and mountain regions
241
WhT has impacted the dairy industry in NC
City expansion
242
Pattern of the number of dairies in NC
Declined
243
Total dairy farms in US
51 thousand
244
Current events of dairy industry
Economic crisis
High fees costs low milk prices
Reduced demand
Cows sent to slaughter
245
Top cattle producing stats
California
| Wisconsin
246
Cows don’t do well with
Heat stress
247
Why do we not see cows in the south east?
Cost of production is too high
248
Why is the cost of production lower in other regions?
Economies of size
| High ambient temperature and humidity
249
Importance of dairy products
LOTS OF PRODUCTS
250
Leading countries in milk production
US
India
China
251
Driving factor behind the demand of dairy products
Rising demand for cheese
252
Cows lactate..
10 months per year
253
Calf’s are fed
Colostrum milk so all of cows milk can be sent for profit
254
Pasteurization
Heat milk to kill bacteria and make safe for human consumption
255
Homogenization
Make milk fat droplets they stay in suspension and don’t separate
256
Purpose of barns
Keep them from the elements
257
TMR
Total mixed ration
258
Freestyle barn
Individual Stalls they can go in and out of
259
Important of keeping bedding clean and dry
Keep teat clean
260
Nutrient requirements are influenced by
Stage of production
261
More milk means
Higher nutrient requirements
262
Cows in NC average how much milk per year
19,000 Lb
263
Out of the Holstein and jersey
| Which cow produces more pounds of milk
Holstein
264
When do cows lose weight?
In early lactation
265
Peak lactation
2 months in
266
Highest milk production
Peak lactation
267
Body condition scoring
The fat cover
Enough to use as energy reserves
1 skinny 5 too fat
268
BCS 1
Tooooo skinny
| Pin bones
269
BCS 2
Shallow cavities
| Some fatty tissues
270
What happens to male calves
Will end up in feed lot
271
Ideal body condition drying off period
3.5-4
272
One month postpartum
2.5-3
273
age of pubert
Varies from about 10 mo the of age to 22 months of age
274
Bread at
14 in a half months
275
What is puberty
Physically able to reproduce
Minimum age (10 months)
High enough weight
276
When do dairy cows start paying back
Two years of age when she calves and begins producing milk
277
What percent of mature size should cows be when they breed
60%
278
If heifers are pushed too fast
They develop too many fat cells in their udders
| Decreased lifetime milk production
279
The goal for heifers is
To calve at 2 years
280
What percent of dairy cows in US are bred through AI
85%
281
Why is AI more common than natural service
Milk production has high heritability
Dairy cows are intensively managed
Dairy bulls are very dangerous
282
Why are dairy boy so dangerous
No fear of humans because they’re seen as equal bc of soooo much contact
Get violent when they’re ready to breed
283
Cows are bred After giving birth
Two months into lactation
284
Main commodity of the dairy industry
Milk
285
Cull cows and bull calves become
Meat products
286
Lactation length for dairy cattle
Around 305 days
287
Drying off cows
Lactation is terminates
288
Dry cows
Mature non lactating cows
289
Ways to flatten the curve
BST
290
BST
Bovine somatotropin
291
Purpose of BST
Extends milk production
292
Why is BST an injection
It’s a protein hormone and will be digested along with the feed protein
293
When do BST injections start
After peak lactation.
294
If a dairy cow is losing body condition at breeding time
It sends her body a signal to not he. Pregnant
295
Lactating cows have a high
Calcium requirement
296
If a dairy cow isn’t getting enough calcium
She will pull it from her bones
297
Dairy cows milk how many times a day
Twice or three times per day
298
What records milk production is
Individualized computed records
299
During lactation, the diet needs to be
High grain
300
Why can’t you tell cows to weight
You can’t skip days
| Their milk production will drop
301
Appropriate level of antibiotics in milk
Zero tolerance
302
Failure to check milking equipment
Can result in damage to the cow from over milking
303
Improper pressure changes can lead to
Physical trauma to the teat and mammary gland from prolonged exposure
304
DHIA
Dairy herd information association
305
Purpose of DHIA
Producers have their production records analyzed to help them be better managers
306
NC state takes part in what program
NC Dairy records management system
307
How are heifer calves fed?
Individually in butcher with a milk replacer
308
Why do we give calves solid feed as soon as possible
Milk replacer is expensive
309
What can young calves not digest?
Plant protein
310
What are young calves GI tracts set up to digest
```
Milk protein (casein)
Oils and fats
```
311
What enzyme do calves not have?
Sucrase
312
Purpose of sucrase
Digested table sugar
313
What can you not feed calves?
Carbs
314
Pre starter feed
Very first sold feed the calf is fed
315
Weaning
Coming off of milk replacer
316
Ad libitum
As much as they will eat
317
When are calves group fed?
After being weaned
318
How long are dairy cows in the herd?
5 years
319
If cows are grazing
They still need extra grain and nutrients
320
Dairy cattle management
ANS 404
