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Exam One Flashcards

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1
Q

One stomach

A

One stomach

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2
Q

How many types of GI tracts

A

3

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3
Q

Special GI tract that allows for high fiber

A

Ruminant

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4
Q

Digestion after small intestine

A

Hindgut fermenter

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5
Q

Path of food in monogastric animals

A 
Esophagus
stomach 
Small intestine
Cecum 
Large intestine
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6
Q

Purpose of understanding digestive system

A

Recognizing and preventing diet issues

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7
Q

Diet of monogastrics

A

Omnivore or Carnivore

Did not evolve on high fiber diet

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8
Q

Tube from mouth to anus

A

GI tract

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9
Q

Not part of the GI tract but still plays a role

A

Liver and pancreas

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10
Q

Livers role

A

Secretes bile that aids in fat digestion

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11
Q

Pancreas purpose

A

Secretes buffers to regulate ph from stomach acids

Enzymes into small intestine

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12
Q

Digestion

A

Chemical and mechanical breakdown of the feed

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13
Q

Chemical digestion

A

Enzymes are catalysts that speed up the reaction

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14
Q

Mechanical digestion and

A

Chewing and muscular contraction

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15
Q

Absorption

A

Nutrients pass from GI tract into the blood

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16
Q

Prehension

A

Bringing into the mouth

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17
Q

Why are taste buds important?

A

Toxic tester

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18
Q

Mastication

A

Chewing

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19
Q

Incisors

A

Teeth used for cutting

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20
Q

Molars

A

Teeth used for chewing

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21
Q

Purpose of saliva

A

Moistens and lubricates food

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22
Q

What keeps animals from choking

A

Windpipe is temporarily blocked when swallowing

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23
Q

Action that move food through stomach

A

Peristalsis

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24
Q

Allows for passage from esophagus to stomach and keeps stomach acid from coming back up

A

Spinchter

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25
Vomiting
Forceful expulsion
26
Only GI tract that allows vomiting
Monogastric
27
Purpose of hydrochloric acid
Kills bacteria
28
Purpose of mucous lining in stomach
Protection from damage
29
Ulcer
Damage to lining in stomach
30
Why is the stomach in constant motion
Mixing the contents
31
What passes quickly through the stomach
Water
32
What passes slowly through the stomach
Dietary fats
33
How long do materials stay in the stomach
Up to a day in omnivores | Shorter time for carnivores and horses
34
Chyme
Substance exiting the stomach after the food has been mixed with the digestive enzymes
35
Major site of digestion in monogastrics
Small intestine
36
Where does absorption of nutrients occur?
Small intestine
37
Lumen
Central portion of a tube or other hollow organ
38
Parts of the small intestine
Duodenum Jejunum Ileum
39
Duodenum
First part of small intestine
40
Jejunum
Middle section of small intestine
41
Ileum
Last part
42
Why is the role played out in the duodenum so crucial?
The enzymes and buffers secretes by the pancreas enter the small intestine here and must bring the pH levels back to normal or damage could occur
43
Where is bile stored?
Gall bladder
44
What secretes bile,
The liver
45
What is the small intestine lined with?
Villi and micro villi
46
Purpose of villi and microvilli
Increase surface area
47
Effects of damage to the SI
Affects ability to absorb nutrients
48
Peristalsis in SI
Moves digests through as digestion and absorption occur
49
What happens when digests moves too fast
Diarrhea
50
Valve after SI
One way prevents backflow
51
Cecum
Blind pouch between the small and large intestines
52
Purpose of cecum
Bacteria will ferment fiber | And this is the only way dietary fiber will get digested
53
What kind of diet requires a cecum
Herbivore or omnivore
54
What happens in the large intestine
Water absorption
55
Rectum
Waste material storage
56
Anus
Exit sphincter
57
Limits of the gastrointestinal tract
Digestion depends on animal having good teeth Absorption requires healthy lining Some things can’t be digested Other compounds can only partially be digested
58
Examples of hindgut fermenters
Rabbit | Horse
59
Hindgut refers to
Cecum and large intestine
60
Difference in hindgut and monogastric
Cecum is greatly enlarged in hindgut
61
Ruminant vs monogastrics
Everything the same except an enlarged stomach
62
How many compartments in a ruminant GI tract
4
63
Rumination
Material passes back up to the esophagus to be chewed again
64
What occurs in omasum
Water absorption
65
Compartments in ruminant stomach
Omasum Abomasum Rumen Reticulum
66
True stomach in ruminants
Abomasum
67
Where does fermentation occur in ruminant animals?
Reticulorumen and cecum
68
Where does fermentation occur in hindgut
Only in cecum beaches they don’t have a rumen
69
What goes on during fermentation?
Anaerobic microbes digest
70
What can digest fiber
Microbial enzymes in GI tract
71
By product of fermentation
Volatile fatty acids
72
Where do VFA’s go?
Into the bloodstream
73
Main source of energy for ruminants
VFA’s
74
What does the bacteria make
Protein while reproducing
75
What happens to bacteria that gets washed out of the rumen
Digested gets digested in the small intestine
76
What happens to bacteria that gets washed out of the cecum
It comes out in feces because no digestion occurs in the large intestine
77
Difference in diet between ruminant and hindgut diet
No starches for ruminant animals because it gets fermented in the rumen before it can make it to the small intestine
78
Why do ruminant receive more energy from hay or gray
The cecum allows for a second chance at digestion
79
Definition of domestic animals
Used by or for animals
80
Wild animals
Live on their own and human intervention is not necessary for breeding
81
Feral animals
Once domesticated and now living successfully alone
82
Typical behavior of prey animals
Evasive Instinct to run Always alert
83
Behavior of predators
Natural hunting type behavior
84
Instinctive
Behavior an animal has that doesn’t have to be learned
85
Learned behavior
Environment Training Whether accident or intentional
86
Operant conditioning
Learned behavior through reward
87
Preferred dairy cow behavior
Calm
88
Preferred behavior of range cow
Alert
89
Preferred behavior in flock protecting dogs
Aggressive and live with sheep
90
Preferred behavior in herding dogs
Herding instinct
91
Importance of understanding normal behavior
Can point out when something is wrong
92
Two ways animal behavior is defined
Behavioral mechanism | Biological need
93
Behavioral mechanism
How an animal knows or learns to perform a specific behavior
94
Biological need
What the animal gains from the behavior
95
How does an animal learn
``` Instinct Habituation Trial and error Reasoning Imprinting ```
96
Another word for instinct
Reflexes
97
Habituation
Getting an animal to become comfortable by a repeated stimulus
98
Trial and error
Similar to operant | There is no given cue.. the animal is just figuring it out on their own
99
Reasoning
Ability to correctly respond to a stimulus the first time it is applied
100
Least common used mode of learning
In animals
101
Imprinting
Young animals bond to caretakers
102
Imprinting in horse industry
Habituation of newborn foals
103
What do behaviors accomplish?
``` Sexual Care giving Care soliciting Social Feeding Investigative ```
104
What drives sexual behaviors
Propagation of species
105
Sexual behaviors
Broadcast sexual receptivity
106
Care giving behaviors
Come from mare
107
Care soliciting behaviors
Come from young Injured Needing of assistance
108
Agonistic
Fight or flight
109
When is agonistic behavior common
Mating season
110
Aggressive behavior in ruminants
Head butting
111
Aggressive behavior for llamas
Chest butting
112
Pecking order
Ranking in animal groups
113
Feeding behaviors
Behaviors assoc with obtaining food
114
Investigative behaviors
New stimuli behaviors
115
Understanding intelligence
Learning rate Vocalizations Adapting
116
Ethology
Study of behavior
117
Purpose of ethology
Attempts to classify how animals respond to various situations
118
Physiological mechanisms
What is driving behavior? | Leads to better understanding in natural behavior
119
Livestock behavior
Poor depth perception Strong maternal instinct (head butting) Must be calm
120
Anthropomorphism
Attributing human emotions/responses to animals

ANS (4 decks)

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