Exam Three Flashcards
(286 cards)
1
Q
Fetus
A
Developing embryo after it attaches to the uterus
2
Q
In utero
A
In the uterus (fetus)
3
Q
Trimester
A
One third of the period of time
4
Q
Growth
A
Increase in mass of structural tissue until mature size is reached
5
Q
Hypertrophy
A
Increase in cell size
6
Q
Hyperplasia
A
Increase in cell number
7
Q
Development (differentiation)
A
Formation of specialized tissues or organs from a common origin
8
Q
When does growth begin?
A
After fertilization
9
Q
Embryonic stem cells
A
Non differentiated cells before stage 8 (blastocyst stage)
10
Q
Outer cells of blastocyst form
A
Placenta
11
Q
Inner cell mass of blastocyst becomes
A
Embryo then fetus
12
Q
How does a fetus receive nutrients and expel waste
A
Blood supply flows out of the umbilical cord and through the placenta
Diffusion of oxygen from mom blood to baby’s blood but no mixing
13
Q
When does most of the fetal growth occur
A
Last trimester of pregnancy
14
Q
When should livestock be given colostrum
A
Before 12 hours after birth
15
Q
What does milk tend to lack
A
Iron
16
Q
What is milk mostly made of
A
Casein
17
Q
What is casein
A
Milk protein that’s easy to digest
18
Q
Sugar in milk
A
Lactose
19
Q
What is lactase
A
Enzyme in newborns that breaks down lactose
20
Q
What can be purchased to raise an orphaned animal?
A
Milk replacer
21
Q
Adult stem cells
A
Systems in the body maintain these that can be stimulated at appropriate times
22
Q
Cells that can create new tissues
A
Mesenchymal stem cells
23
Q
growth or decay i muscle after birth
A
Percent decreases over time
24
Q
Growth curve
A
Rapid growth in young animals that eventually plateaus the close to maturity
25
Growth hormone
Somatotropin
26
Where is growth hormone produced?
Pituitary
27
Nutritional requirements in the growth of a young animal
Rapid muscle growth required protein (amino acids)
| Bone grows steady so calcium requirements are steady
28
What happens to meat producing animals before they can produce fat
They are harvested
29
What is the end of the growth phase?
Maturity
30
After the animal reaches maturity
No net growth occurs
| All weight gain is fat
31
Nutritional requirement for mature horses
Not as much protein or energy needed
32
Pregnant or lactating females have what nutritional requirement
High protein and energy
| Needed for milk production and fetal development
33
Milk composition for animals
Protein fat lactose
34
Fattening animals nutritional requirement
Low protein
| High energy to produce more fat
35
If a young bred female doesn’t get enough nutrients
He sacrifices her own growth and be smaller than her genetic potential
36
Insufficient nutrients in pregnant females
Weaker and smaller offspring
37
What do we do to control swine extras
Even out the distribution amongst moms
38
Twinning in beef cattle
Undesirable because freemartin
39
FreeMartin
Female born to twin male will never be able to reproduce
40
Twinning in horses
One fetus usually dies because there isn’t enough oxygen
41
Twinning in sheep/goats
Desirable because they can handle the extra offspring
42
Embryo transfer
Superovulate the donor cow with FSH
Breed her AI
Collect the embryos
Transfer to recipient cows that carry to full term
43
After birth.. milk production
Rapidly increases and then weans off
44
Horse intact adult male
Stallion
45
Horse male castrated
Gelding
46
Adult female horse
Mare
47
Immature female horse
Filly
48
Horse parturition term
Foaling
49
Gestation length for a horse
11 months
50
Newborn horse
Foal
51
Term of reference for horse
Equine
52
Adult intact male donkey
Jack
53
Adult castrates male donkey
Donkey gelding
54
Adult female donkey
Jenny
55
Immature female donkey
Jennet foal
56
Donkey parturition length
12 months
57
Hands
4 inches in height
58
Purebred
Of true breeding (for any breed)
59
When is a horse edible to be registered
When we have the papers for sire and dam
60
Characteristics of thoroughbred horse
16 hands high
Not sticky body build
Race horses
61
Quarter horse characteristics
Stocky and muscular
| Bred for the quarter mile
62
Character is of the Arabian
Dished forehead
High tail carriage
Bred for endurance
63
Classifications of horses
Draft
| Light
64
Draft horses
LARGE horses
Very y’all
Bred to pull loads
65
Light horses
Medium sized
Riding horses
14.2-17.2 hands high
66
Oldest light horse breed
Arabian
67
Most popular English breed
Thoroughbred
68
Most popular American breed
Quarter horse
69
Ponies
Small mature size
Less than 14.2 hands high
Some are draft horses
70
Donkeys are known as
Asses
71
Are donkeys a breed of horses?
No
72
When do you make a mule?
Breed a jack to a mare
73
Mule characteristics
Lager thank donkey
| Long ears
74
Hinny
Stallion with Jenny
75
Can Mules or hinnys reproduce?
No
76
Horse have ___ chromosomes
64
77
Donkeys have ___chrimosomes
62
78
Crosses have ___ chromosomes
63
79
Management of horses
Feeding management
Normal horse behavior
Breeding management
80
Digestive system of horses
Hindgut fermented (huge cecum)
81
Why do we have to manage food amount for horses carefully
Small stomach
| Designed to eat small meals all day
82
Horse molars
Don’t meet evenly
| Upper jaw is wider than the lower jaw
83
Float off
File sharp points created by horses jaw to decrease chewing pain
84
Teeth as a horse gets older
Increase in length
85
Where are the sharp points in horse jaws
Outside of upper jaw
| Inside of lower jaw
86
Stomach and small intestine in horses
Same as monogastric
87
Cecum in horses
Bacteria do all the digesting
88
Large intestine in horses
Same as monogastric
89
Can horses vomit
Nope
90
Painful indigestion
Colic
91
Blockage in u turn of large intestine
Can be fatal
92
What can cause colic
Intestinal parasites (worms)
93
If damage of lining of small intestine in horses occurs
Less absorption
94
Parasites in horses
Need to be dewormed
| Reduce surface area from rupturing small intestine—-less absorption and secretes less enzymes (not as much digestion)
95
Why do older horses have trouble keeping body weight on
Cracked molars so
Particles can’t be broken down
Don’t secrete as many enzymes in the small intestine
96
Grains are high in
Starch (digested in the small intestine in horses)
97
What should you feed older horses
Beet pulp or soy hulls
98
Why should you feed old horses fiber
Doesn’t have to be chewed as much
| The microbes do all the work in the cecum
99
Other important aspects of feeding horses
Palatable
| No toxins
100
Fumonisin
Mycotoxin mold that can be found in corn and corn screenings
101
Hay fed to horses must be
Free of dust and mold
102
Dusty or moldy hay can lead to
Heaves
103
Heaves
Permanent respiratory problem
104
Horse feed squares are sold by
The bale
105
Difference in round bale feeder in horses and cattle
No bar on top for horses bc when startled they throw their head up
106
Why is it important to keep hay out of the rain
Could produce mold
107
Pleasure horses can survive solely on
Pasteurizing and hay
108
Important for Pasteur horses
Deworming
| Monitoring obesity
109
Ionophores
In cattle and poultry feeds and very toxic to horses
110
Body condition scoring
Evaluating fat cover not muscle
111
Horse body condition scoring
1 to 9
112
Where to look in horse body condition scoring
```
Along the crest
Along the back
Withers
Ribs
Railhead
```
113
Trained horses are used to be lead
On the left side
114
When leading a horse
Never loop the rope
115
Horse vision
Excellent night vision
Bad depth perception
Excellent peripheral
Large eyes detect motion
116
Binocular
Better depth
117
Monocular
Worse depth perception
118
Caregiving behavior
Mutual fly swatting
| Mutual grooming
119
Why would a horse nibble you when grooming
It’s a compliment
120
Horse social behavior
Bond to each other
And will try to cross fences to reach separated buddies
Most panic when alone
121
Horse breeding season
Lengthening daylight
| The season is influenced by geographic locations
122
How can we trick a horse to believe it’s spring time
Supplemental light
123
Why trick horses into breeding
Designated birth date is January 1
124
When are mares bread
In the spring
| Every other day in heat
125
Teasing in horses
Using a stallion to test reactions in mares to note when showing signs of estrus
126
“In heat”
Estrus
127
Cycle of ovulation
Estrous
128
Horse classes
ANS 110, intro to equine
ANS 303, equine eval
ANS 410, equine breeding farm management
ANS 411, Management If growing & performance horses
129
Adult intact sheep
Ram
130
Adult castrated sheep
Wether
131
Adult female sheep
Ewe
132
Immature female sheep
Ewe lamb
133
Parturition term for sheep
Lambing
134
Gestation length for sheep
Five months
135
Newborn sheep
Lamb
136
Term of reference for sheep
Ovine
137
Adult intact goat
Billy (buck)
138
Castrated male goat
Wether goat
139
Adult female goat
(Nanny) doe
140
Immature female goat
Doe kid
141
Parturition term for goats
Kidding
142
Gestation length for goats
5 months
143
Newborn goat
Kid
144
Term of reference for goats
Caprine
145
Sheep are ___
Grazers
146
Sheep and goats
Small ruminants
147
Goats are _____
Browsers
| Leaves, bushes, weeds
148
All ruminants have no
Upper incisors
149
Lips of sheep and goats
Split upper lip
| Allows them to graze close to the ground and be very selective
150
Can you graze sheep or goats with cattle
Both
151
How can give loose mineral to cattle
Hang it up high
152
How do you feeed loose mineral to a sheep or goat
Smaller head hole
153
Sheep and goats are classified ad
Bovidae
154
Sheep genus
Ovis
155
Goat genus
Capra
156
Differences in sheep and goats
Goat tails point up, sheep tail point down
| Bucks are odiferous, ram are not
157
Sheep are characteristically
Timid with a strong flock instinct
158
About how many sheep breeds are there worldwide
~200
159
Domestic sheep come from
Wild sheep of Europe and Asia
160
When did the domestication of sheep occur
~10,000 years ago
161
Mutton
Meat from adult animal
162
Lamb
Meat from young sheep
163
Sheep native to US
Big horn (rocky mtn)
164
Current domesticated US sheep descended from
From Spain
165
The first sheep imported into NA
from Britain to Virginia
166
Selection of England sheep in US
Didn’t have the highest quality wool so they selected for fineness of wool
167
If a dog came and bit a sheep in the early days US
They were hung
168
Trend of sheep in the 60s
Decreased rapidly
| Because polyester was created
169
Primarily in the United States, sheep are
A source of meet
170
Poled
Selected to not develop horns
171
Commercial producer for sheep
```
Produces meat (lamb) and wool
Does not sell breeding stock
```
172
Ewe breeds
High quality wool
| Good mother’s
173
Sire breeds
Higher quality of meat
174
Why change rams every reproduction cycle
Don’t want him breeding with his daughters
175
Hair sheep
Meat production
Don’t have to sheer
Heat tolerant
176
Dairy sheep breeds
To make milk and cheese
177
Minor sheep breeds
Hobbies or show
178
Characteristics of ewe breeds
```
Adapted to environments
Hardy
Quality flex (fine, long, medium)
Longevity
Milk and mothering
White face wool
```
179
Ram breed characteristics
Used for terminal crosses
Meaty sheep with fast grow rare
Black face
Not as good wool
180
Suffolk
Fast growing sire breed
181
Largest sized sheep in the US
Suffolk
182
Defining chracteristic of a Suffolk
Wool does not cover poll or lower legs
183
Hampshire characteristics
Black face with wool on legs
Very popular meat/sire breeds
Wool on poll
184
Hair sheep evolved
In warm climates
| Parasite resistant
185
Why were hair sheep developed to shed
Hotter climates
186
Popular hair sheep
Katahdin
| Barbados blackbelly
187
Jacob sheep
Four horns
188
Goats descended from
Bezoar goat
189
Goats used for
Meat
Milk
Fiber
190
Type of fiber produced by goat
Mohair
191
Mohair produced by
Angora goat
192
Goats in North America came from
Spanish explorers
193
Goats in Texas area
Feral: short and agile
194
Spanish goats/brush goats
Hardy feral goats that can clear out brush
195
When goats were originally domesticated they were
Dual purpose
196
How did we create the dairy goat to the meat goat
Selective breeding
197
Meat from an adult goat
Chevon
198
Meat from a baby goat
Cabrito
199
How much of the worlds population drinks goat milk
More than half
200
Most common kind of goat in US
Mostly meat
Followed by dairy
Angora goats
201
Modern Spanish goats used for
Brush clearing
202
Most popular meat goat in US
Boer
203
Why is the Boer the most common
Very meaty
Fast growing rate
Twinning is very common
Bred year long
204
Beginning of Boer breed in US
Brought to US as embryos at nc state to be bred with Spanish goats
205
Problem with Boer
Foot problems bc of the wet moist climate in NC
| Not parasite resistant
206
Pygmy
Popular as show or hobbies
| Smallllllll size
207
TOP Sheep production in US
```
Texas
Cal
Wyoming
Colorado
South Dakota
```
208
Total sheep in NC
30,000
209
North Carolina goat demographics
Meat production increased greatly until recently
210
Aggressive behaviors in goats or sheep
Snort
Stamp one leg
Head butting
211
When can you breed sheep/goats
Occurs between 5 and 12 months
| When days get shorter
212
Estrous cycle in sheep
16-18 days
213
Estrus in sheep
24-36 hours
214
Estrous in goats
21 days
215
Estrus in goats
24-36 hours
216
Are pregnant sheep shorn?
Right before lambing
217
Dystocia
Trouble giving birth
218
Biggest problem in ewes
Getting them to accept lambs
| Especially when twins or triplets are born
219
How to get ewes or does to accept their newborns
Putting them in a really small pin
220
Grafting
Tricking an ewe to accept newborn that isn’t theirs
221
Types of grafting
Slime
| Wet
222
Slime grafting
Fetal fluids from ewe you want to be accepting
| Are rubbed on another’s baby to smell similar to their own children
223
Wet graft
Immerse lambs in same solution if placenta isn’t available
224
Lactation in small ruminants is between
3 and 5 months
225
When do farmers wean?
2-3 months of age
226
Why would you separate ewes/does nursing twins or triplets from singles
More supplements the more offspring
227
Weaning time depends on
Market or product produced
228
When can an ewe/doe be repred
30 days
| Normal interval is 40-70 days
229
Main issues with sheep and goats
Predators
Foot rot
Parasites
230
How to protect sheep or does from predators
Good fencing
Guard dogs
Keep newborns inside (no scents)
231
Preventing foot rot
Trimming feet and foot baths
232
Small ruminants classes
ANS 408
233
Adult intact swine
Boar
234
Adult castrated swine
Barrow
235
Adult female swine
Sow
236
Immature female swine
Gilt
237
Parturition term for swine
Farrowing
238
Gestation length for swine
333
239
Newborn swine
Piglet
240
Term of reference for swine
Porcine
241
Swine production iN NC
Eastern part
242
Hogs elsewhere..
Have more fat bc they weren’t selected to have long loins
243
Diet of swine industry
Low roughage
| Corn and soybean mill
244
How many hogs in N.C.
8.8 mil
245
NC rank in swine production
Number two
246
Hogs domesticated
Between 8,000-9,000 years ago
| Came from Europe and Asia
247
Do we have wild pigs in US
No
| We have javelinas
248
Why were pigs domesticated initially
For food
249
Issue with wild hogs
Raid crops
| Could bring diseases to domesticated hogs
250
Feral hogs have an instinct
To root and this will destroy crops
251
Where are feral hogs in the NC
Spread out
| Lots in the western region
252
US rank in prom productio.
Third
253
Top producing county of pork
China
254
Top producing pork in US
Iowa
255
Vertically integrated
all stages of production is owned by same company
256
When does weaning occur in swine
14-21 days
| Bc the sow won’t cycle until the pigs are weaned
257
Diets in stages
All different at each
| Up to 260 pounds
258
Swine noises
Grunt
Barks
Squeal
259
Stages of production in swine
Farrowing
Nursery
Finishing
260
Pig tail up and curled
Pleasant stimuli
261
Swine tail pressed against body
In distress
262
Pecking order
Establish hierarchy
263
Problems with pecking order for swine industry
Don’t want to add a new pig into a new group bc it would stimulate fighting again
264
Swine reach puberty when
6 months
265
Pathway of sow
Gestation barn to farrowing barn back to original
266
When are sows moved to farrowing barn
2 to 4 days before birth
267
How long does farrowing last
Can last up to 12 hours
| 1 to 4 is average
268
Most common problem with farrowing
Sow getting tired
269
Newborn pigs are
Born with very low stores of iron
270
How do wild pigs get iron
From soil
271
Processing newborn pigs
```
Docking tails
Ear notching for identification
Medication
Clipping needle teeth
Cross fostering
```
272
Purpose of docking tails
Keeping them from chewing on each other
273
Left ear notching
Litter number
274
Right ear notching
Pig number
275
Why do we clip teeth in newborn swine
Can damage teet
276
When are male piglets castrated
Four to seven days of age
277
Boar taint
Smell in meat
278
How long do milks lactate
3 weeks
279
When does milk consumption by piglets a problem
After 10 days the milk could stunt growth
| Sows won’t enter heat while still lactating
280
Path of piglets
Weaned
Nursery
Finishing
Market at 6 months
281
How long are pigs in the nursery
6 to 8 weeks
282
Issues with alternative housing in pigs
Can’t handle nearly as many
More labor intensive
Costs more
283
CEFS
center for environmental farming systems
284
MAS
36 credit hoursNo thesis or research
285
Food animal scholars program
Mentors help with learning about food animal
286
Swine management
ANS 403
