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Nutrition exam 2 > exam 2 > Flashcards

exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Essential Vitamins

A

Essential
Produce deficiency symptoms wen missing from the diet
fat-soluble vitamins
water-soluble vitamins
DOES NOT PROVIDE ANY ENERGY OR YIELD ENEGERY.

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2
Q

Water-soluble vitamins

A 
Vitamin C
Vitamin B
Vitamin B6
Vitamin B12
Thiamin
Niacin
Floate
Riboflavin, Biotin
Pantothenic acid
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3
Q

Fat-Soluble

A

Vitamin A
Vitamin D
Vitamin E
Vitamin K

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4
Q

Water-soluble vitamins PT2

A
  • Stored in small amounts
  • less toxic
  • High dose is excreted via urine
  • take less time for a deficiency to develop due to limited stores
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5
Q

Fat-Soluble pt2

A
  • Must be absorbed with fat
  • stored in large amounts
  • deficiency takes a long time
  • the high toxicity of vitamin D and A/ over-use of fat-soluble vitamins
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6
Q

Folate

A 
Required to produce new cells
ex= Red blood cells
Pregnancy -fetal development
Neural tube development 
1st week of pregnancy
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7
Q

Folate deficiency

A

Anemia (Megaloblastic) (low red blood cells)- large, immature red blood cells
Neural tube defects-a defect formation of the neural tube(spinal cord and brain) during early fetal devlopment

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8
Q

Neural tube defects

A

Neural tube develops in the 1st month of gestation

defects occur when a spinal column or skull don’t form properly

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9
Q

Spina Bifida

A

Failure of the neural tube to close
spinal cord bulges through the back
results in paralysis

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10
Q

Sources of folate

A

-Enriched pasta,cereal,rice,beans
-Drak leafy green veggies
-beans
-orange juice
all women that become pregnant should have folate

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11
Q

Vitamin D Functions

A
  • Prohormone- works like a hormone, sends signals to organs
  • helps in absorption of calcium and phosphorus in the gut -kidney, and bones
  • tells kidneys not to get rid of too much calcium
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12
Q

Sources of Vitamin D

A

-Milk, margarine, eggs, fish

Sunlight, cholesterol under the skin converts into vitamin D

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13
Q

Vitamin D -Sunshine Vitamin

A

Derived from cholesterol
synthesized from sun exposure
sunscreen spf>8 decreases synthesis by 95%
expose hands, face,arms2-3 times a week for 5-10 mins each time ( more for darker skin)
insufficient sun exposure makes this a vitamin that must be gotten through the diet
activated by enzymes in the liver and kidneys

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14
Q

Toxicity Warning for Vitamin D

A

Vitamins D can be toxic especially in infancy and childhood
the upper level is 50 ug/day
this results in
over- absorption of calcium (hypercalcemia) increase calcium excretion
calcium deposits in organs and blood vessls

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15
Q

Vitamin D Deficiency

A

Rickets in kids-Bowed leg /bones cant support the weight of the body
Osteomalacia for adults with soft bones

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16
Q

Groups at risk for Vitamin D Deficiency

A

Elderly ill, Homebound

those with limited sun exposure, poor intake of vitamin D goods

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17
Q

Vitamin A functions

A 
Leading cause of blindness
Bone formation
Eye health
Vision in dim light
promotes immune function- plays a role in the production of white blood cells
all cells need vitamin A
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18
Q

Retinoids

A

An active form of vitamin A

found in animal products

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19
Q

Carotenoids ( converted into vitamin A)

A

Found in plant products
Beta-carotene
the body returns beta-carotene into vitamin A

20
Q

Sources of Vitamin A

A

Liver, butter, milk.cheese,eggs,fortifed cerlas

Veffies(beta cartone =carrots, squash

21
Q

Vitamin A deficiency

A

Impression-night blindness
Xerophthalmia-leading cause of blindness in 3rd world countries due to lack of beta-carotene
golden rice-genetically modified rice that is rich in beta-carotene

22
Q

Vitamin A toxicity

A

Pregnancy-cause malformation in the fetus

Even acne drugs- contain vitamin A could be toxic to the fetus.

23
Q

Phytochemicals=Plants

A

-Chemical substances found in plants that affect our health in a positive way.
Non-esstenail or classifed as a nutrient
obtained via diet

24
Q

Phytochemical functions

A

-Provide color, flavor and odor to foods
found in plants ( fruits and veggies)
over 4000 different phytochemicals known

25
Q

Phytochemicals and Disease

A

MAY HELP PREVENT
Cancer
Diabetes
Hypertension

26
Q

Phytochemicals disease prevention

A 
-Some cat like hormones
some have antioxidant properties
Block enzymes that promote cancer
some help lower cholesterol levels
we don't fully understand how they function or how much is needed
27
Q

Types of phytochemicals

A

Carotenoids- Act as antioxidants, thought to reduce cardiovascular disease and cancer
found in dark leafy veggies deep oranges and red veggies and fruits
type of carotenoids are Lycopene and Limonene

28
Q

Lycopene

A

Tomatoesd.tomato sauce, canned tomatoes

they protect against cancer of the GIT

29
Q

Limonene

A

Citrus fruits

lower risk of cancer

30
Q

Flavonoids

A

Acts as antioxidants
found in grapes juice, black tea, many herbs and spices, cholate and soy products
may increase HDL
Relaxation of smooth muscles-decrease blood pressure

31
Q

Types of Phytochemicals PHYTOSTEROLS

A

Phytosterols =Acts like a hormone Estrogen
thought to reduce many cancers and osteoporosis
found in soy products and legumes

32
Q

(Type of Phytosterols) Genistein

A

gENISTEIN (SOYBEANS)- Inhibits breast, prostate, colon and ovarian cancers
- May reduce risk of osteoporosis

33
Q

Organosulfur CompoundS

A
  • May protect against cancer
  • May benefit blood pressure
  • Found in chives, onions, garlic and leeks
34
Q

Types of Organosulfur Compounds

A

Allicin

Indoles

35
Q

Indoles:

A

Cruciferous vegetables

  • Broccoli, cabbage
  • Sulfur containing
  • Protects against cancer
36
Q

Allicin:

A
  • Garlic, onions, scallions
  • Prevents cancer
  • Lowers cholesterol production
37
Q

Other Phytochemicals

A

Chocolate (especially dark):
- Increases HDL cholesterol

Capsaicin (hot peppers, black pepper):
- Decrease blood clots and risk of heart disease

38
Q

Ways to Increase Phytochemical Intake

A
  • Fresh is best (except canned tomatoes, which can also be a good source)
  • Leave skin on when possible
  • Steam, broil, stir fry when cooking
  • Avoid boiling
  • Eat a variety of foods (especially brightly colored foods)
  • Strive for 5 servings of fruit and vegetables
  • Use herbs and spices in cooking
39
Q

Phytochemical Supplements

A

No RDA’s set

  • Still, a lot we don’t know about it
  • Toxicity unknown
  • Many phytochemicals act together
  • Can alter body functions (can have a negative effect in high doses; some studies have shown increased cancer risk with genistein supplements)
  • Safest source of phytochemicals is in food
40
Q

Functional Foods

A

Foods that provide an additional physiological or psychological benefit beyond that of meeting basic nutritional needs

41
Q

Functional Foods - Physiological

A

Benecol (plant stanol ester):
- Lowers cholesterol

Calcium fortified orange juice:
- May help prevent osteoporosis

Tea with echinacea:
- May help fight off a cold

42
Q

Functional Foods - Psychological

A

Benecol-plant stanol ester=lowers cholserol
Calisum fortifed OJ-may help prevent osteoprosis

Tea with Echinacea-may help fight off a cold

St. John’s Wort (herb)soup =Decrese depression

43
Q

Functional Foods - Benefits

A

Individuals with milk allergy:
- Calcium fortified orange juice
Benecol:
- May help lower cholesterol without medication

44
Q

Probiotics

A

Bacteria/Lactobacillus added in yogurt

Benfits =decrse dieherria ,constipation

45
Q

Fuctioal food concerns

A

Getting too much of one nutrient
too much of one herb
st johns wort/birth control
can be toxic

Nutrition exam 2 (4 decks)

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