Exam 2 Flashcards
(285 cards)
1
Q
What is the difference between woody and herbaceous?
A
Woody: hard, secondary growth (Oak)
Herbaceous: soft (Dandelion)
2
Q
What are most annuals?
A
Green and herbaceous and split monocot and dicot
3
Q
Perennials are mostly
A
herbaceous
4
Q
Herbaceous dicots have what?
A
Discrete vascular bundles of xylem and phloem
5
Q
Alternate vs opposite leaf arrangements
A
Alternate means every other and opposite means directly across
6
Q
Leaves attach at what?
A
A node
7
Q
Between leaves (nodes) is what?
A
Internodes
8
Q
What is a blade?
A
A flattened plant of the leaf
9
Q
What is the blade attached to the twig by? (The little stem)
A
Petiole
10
Q
What is the angle between the petiole and stem called?
A
The Axil
11
Q
What is the bud located at the axil called?
A
Axillary bud
12
Q
What is the bud at the tip called?
A
Terminal bud
13
Q
Deciduous trees and shrubs have what in the fall?
A
Dormant axillary buds with leaf scars after leaves fall off
14
Q
What protects the apical meristem before the beginning of the growing season?
A
Bus scales and leaf primordia
15
Q
The three tissues that the apical meristem develops are
A
The protoderm, pro cambium, and the ground meristem
16
Q
What two things does the ground meristem include?
A
The pith and the cortex
17
Q
What is the leaf primodia?
A
It is like a covering that acts as protection for the apical meristem before growing season
18
Q
Cells produced by the vascular cambium become what?
A
Components of the secondary xylem and secondary phloem
19
Q
What kind of plants are have the cork cambium?
A
Woody dicots because the cork cambium produces cork cells and phelloderm cells which is essentially bark
20
Q
How many cells thick is the vascular cambium?
A
One
21
Q
Which cell is produced by the vascular cambium and is pushed toward the outside?
A
Phloem
22
Q
Which cell is produced by the vascular cambium and is pushed toward the inside?
A
Xylem
23
Q
What is an annual ring?
A
One years growth of xylem
24
Q
Large vessel elements of secondary xylem are called?
A
Spring wood
25
Smaller and fewer vessel elements of the secondary xylem are called?
Summer wood
26
What do vascular rays do and look like?
Lines across the rings and function in lateral conductions of nutrients and water
27
Mature bark can consist of what?
Alternating layers of crushed phloem and cork
28
What is heartwood?
Older, darker wood at the center of the trunk/stem
29
What is sapwood?
Lighter, still-functioning xylem closest to the cambium
30
Hardwood includes
Tracheas and vessel elements
31
Softwood includes
Tracheids, no fibers and vessel elements
| Ex. cone-bearing trees
32
What are bulbs?
Large buds surrounded by numerous fleshy leaves, with a small stem at the lower end
33
Large buds surrounded by numerous fleshy leaves, with a small stem at the lower end
Bulbs
34
Corms
Resemble bulbs, but composed almost entirely of stem tissue
35
Resemble bulbs, but composed almost entirely of stem tissue
Corms
36
Cladophylls
Flattened, leaf-life stems
37
Flattened, leaf-life stems
Cladophylls
38
Thorns
Modified stems
39
Modified stems
Thorns
40
Tendrils
Vines
41
Vines
Tendrils
42
Rhizomes
Horizontal stems that grow below-ground
43
Horizontal stems that grow below-ground
Rhizomes
44
Runners
Horizontal stems that generally grow along surface
45
Horizontal stems that generally grow along surface
Runners
46
Stolons
Produced beneath the surface of the ground and tend to grow in different directions
47
Produced beneath the surface of the ground and tend to grow in different directions
Stolons
48
What is a Dicotyledon?
Flowering plants that develop from seeds with two seed leaved: secondary growth
49
What is a Monocotyledon?
Flowering plants that develop from seeds with a single seed leaf: no secondary growth
50
What kinds of stems have neither a vascular cambium or a cork cambium? AKA no secondary tissues or cork
Monocot stems
51
In monocot stems vascular bundles look like what?
Monkey faces
52
What does 50% of wood weight come from? (In a living tree)
Water
53
Dry weight is composed of
60-75% cellulose, and 15-20% Lignin
54
What are knots?
Bases of lost branches covered by new annual rings
55
Half of wood production goes toward what?
Construction, lumber
56
What is veneer?
Thin sheet of desirable wood glued to cheap wood
57
Examples of pulp are:
Paper, newspaper
58
Most timber/wood is used for what in other countries?
Fuelwood
59
What percent of wood is used as fuelwood in US and Canada?
<10%
60
What qualifies as a simple leaf?
It has a single blade
61
What qualifies as a compound leaf?
It is divided into leaflets
62
Where do leaves attach to stems?
At nodes
63
The region between nodes is called
Internodes
64
What is phyllotaxy?
Leaf arrangement
65
What are the three types of leaf arrangements and describe them
- Alternate (Every other)
- Opposite("Back to back")
- Whorled (All around one point)
66
What would leaflets in pairs along the rachis be called?
Pinnately compound
67
What would leaflets attached at the same point at the end of the petiole be called?
Palmately compound
68
Pinnately compound leaves can further be divided and called
Bipinnately compound
69
Veins are also classified as
pinnate or palmate
70
Which type of veined leaf has a main midvein
Pinnately
71
What are the veins the branch out from the mid vein called?
Secondary veins
72
Which type of veined leaf has several primary veins that fan out from the base of the blade?
Palmate
73
Parallel venation occurs in
Monocots
74
Reticulate venation is also known as
Net veins
75
Fan leaves have what kind of veins?
Dichotomous
76
How many cells thick is the epidermis?
One
77
What does the epidermis do?
Protects the plant as a covering and a waxy cuticle is present
78
The upper epidermal cells are devoid of what?
Chloroplasts
79
Green leaves use sunlight for what?
Photosynthesis
80
Stomata dots which side of leave surfaces?
The lower surface
81
What do stomata do?
Allow CO2 to enter and O2 and water to diffuse out
82
What do guard cells do?
Control stomatal openings
83
When water evaporates from the leaf surface what is it called?
Transpiration
84
Photosynthesis takes place in where and between what two layers?
In the mesophyll between the epidermal layers
85
Palisade mesophyll
Uppermost layer that contains most chloroplasts
86
Spongy mesophyll
Lower layer with airspace
87
Veins are also known as what?
Vascular bundles
88
Where are vascular bundles/veins present?
Throughout the mesophyll
89
What are vascular bundles made of?
Xylem, phloem, bundle sheath
90
What are spines?
Modified leaves designed to reduce water loss and protect from herbivory
91
What are prickles?
Outgrowths from the epidermis or cortex
92
What are succulents?
Storage leaves
93
What are leaves buried in the ground called?
Window leaves
94
What are reproductive leaves?
Leaves that produce new plants at the tips
95
What are floral leaves called?
Bracts
96
Chlorophylls relate to what color?
Green
97
Carotenoids relate to what color?
Yellow
98
What happens in fall?
The chlorophylls break down and other colors are revealed
99
Betacyanins relate to what color and where are they present?
Red and in the vacuole
100
Anthocyanin's relate to what color?
Blue or red
101
Deciduous means what?
It sheds leaves annually/seasonally
102
How do plants know when to drop their leaves?
There is a change in an abscission zone near the petiole
103
After the leaves drop where does suberin come in?
It coats and impregrates the area for protection
104
Give four examples of Insect-Trapping leaves
- venus flytrap
- bladderwort
- sundew
- pitcher plant
105
Give uses for leaves (7)
- landscaping
- food
- dyes
- rope/twine
- drugs
- insecticides
- waxes
106
6CO2 + 12H2O + light--> C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O
Photosynthesis
107
Photosynthesis
6CO2 + 12H2O + light --> C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O
108
C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
Cellular Respiration
109
Cellular Respiration
C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
110
C6H12O6 --> 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 + energy
Fermentation
111
Fermentation
C6H12O6 --> 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 + energy
112
Ethanol (C2H5OH) and CO2 are created from what
Yeast breaking down glucose in fermentation:
| Makes bread and beer
113
How much of radiant energy is received on Earth in the form of visible light?
40%
114
How much light reaching them absorbed by leaves?
80%
115
Light intensity varies with (5)
- time of day
- season
- elevation
- latitude
- atm composition
116
Engelmann's experiment
Wanted to see where in the light spectrum bacteria would gravitate toward
117
Bacteria like which colors/wavelengths best?
Violet 400, red 700
118
What percentage of water absorbed by plants is used for photosynthesis?
Less than 1%
119
How does the plant react when water is in short supply?
The stomata close and reduce the supple of CO2 available for photosynthesis
120
How does water enter the plant?
Through root hairs
121
How does water travel throughout the plant?
Upward through the xylem
122
What tissue acts like a tube, sucking water up due to tension?
Xylem
123
What is transpiration?
When water enters a plant passing into leaf air spaces and evaporates through the stomata
124
How much water is transpired?
More than 90%
125
How much water escapes through the cuticle?
Less than 5%
126
How does CO2 reach chloroplasts in the mesophyll?
It diffuses through the stomata into the leaf interior
127
What activities have lead to excess CO2 in the atm? (3)
- fossil fuels
- deforestation
- humans
128
How do activities like deforestation lead to excess CO2 in the atm?
It enhances photosynthesis where plants counter-balance by developing fewer stomata with leads to global warming
129
What color relates to chlorophyll a?
Blue-green
130
What color relates to chlorophyll b?
Yellow-green
131
What color relates to carotenoids?
Yellow and orange
132
What color relates to phycobilins?
Blue or red
133
One photosynthetic unit includes how many pigments?
250-400
134
Name two types of molecular movement
Osmosis and diffusion
135
What is diffusion?
Movement of molecules from a region of higher concentration to lower concentration until equilibrium is reached
136
What is osmosis?
Diffusion of water through a permeable membrane (still more to less concentrated)
137
How does water enter a cell?
Through osmosis
138
Do plants need macronutrients or micronutrients in greater amount?
Macronutrients
139
What is the important acronym for the elements
CHOPKNS CaFe MgNaCl CuMn CoZn MoB
140
What does the element acronym stand for?
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, Potassium, Nitrogen, Sulfur, Calcium, Iron, Magnesium, Sodium, Chlorine, Copper, Manganese, Cobalt, Zinc, Molybdenum, Boron
141
Who was the first to attempt to classify plants and when?
Theophrastus in 4th century BC
142
How many plants did Theophrastus classify and what did he base his classifications on?
500, leaf characteristics
143
When did classification by fruit, structure, and habit start?
18th century
144
What is genera?
First classifying word, typically latin, indicating genus
145
Linnaeus set out to do what?
Classify all known plants and animals according to genera
146
Linnaeus started sub classifying by what?
Species
147
The abbreviated names of plants are
binomials
148
Abbreviated name example and what each word means:
Menthe Spicata L.
First word genus
Second word species
L. for Linnaeus
149
What is the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature?
Single book with a common index on how to name a plant basically idk
150
Early classification only had organisms split into two kingdoms:
Plants or Animals
151
When was a third kingdom proposed and by who?
Hogg and Haeckel 1860
152
What was the third kingdom?
Kingdom Protoctista (Protista)
153
What change was made to the kingdoms in 1938?
Copland proposed all single-celled organisms should have a group: Monera
154
What change was made to the kingdoms in 1969?
Whittaker split fungi from protista
155
What change was made to the kingdoms in 1990?
Fonera should be split into Archaea and Bacteria
156
Now there are how many kingdoms and what are they?
6:
- Archaea
- Bacteria
- Protista
- Fungi
- Plantae
- Animalia
157
From broad to narrow what are the taxonomic ranks?
- domain
- kingdom
- phylum
- class
- order
- family
- genus
- species
158
What is cladistics?
A method of examining a natural relationships based on shared features
159
Occams Razor means what?
Simpler is better
160
Name the four characteristics of Archaea and Bacteria
- Prokaryotic cells
- Nucleoid instead of nucleus
- Nutrition is gained through absorbing food through the cell wall
- Asexual mainly...so fission
161
How big are the smallest living organisms (Archaea and Bacteria)
Less than 2 or 3 micrometers in diameter
162
How old are archaea and bacteria?
3.5 billion years old
163
What is the most numerous living organism?
Archaea and bacteria
164
What are the three forms or archaea and bacteria?
- Cocci: spherical or elliptical
- Bacilli: rod shaped of cylindrical
- Spirilla: helix or spiral
165
What do bacteria do?
Decompose
166
Where in the food chain are bacteria?
The bottom
167
Bacteria are..
Nitrogen fixing
168
Bacterias evolution is
Short term
169
Archaea were recognized as distinct in what year?
1977
170
How do archaea and bacteria differ?
Their metabolisms are different
171
Where do Archaea were first found in what kind of environment?
Extreme
172
What is the largest group of archaea?
Methane bacteria
173
You can produce methane from what?
Carbon dioxide and hydrogen
174
What are some commercial uses for methane?
captured from landfills, it can be burned to produce electricity, heat buildings, or power garbage trucks.
175
What are Cyanobacteria also known as?
Blue-Green Bacteria/Blue-Green Algae
176
What distinguished cyanobacteria from traditional bacteria?
- cyanobactera have chlorophyll a and O2 produced in photosynthesis
- they contain phycobilins
- they can fix nitrogen and produce O2
177
What type of year and where do many aquatic photosynthetic organisms become abundant?
What is it known as?
Fresh water in warmer months
| Algal blooms
178
What do algal blooms lead to?
Swimmers itch and nitrogen fixation
179
What distinguishes prochlorobacteria?
-It posses chlorophyll a and b of higher plants but has no phycobilin pigments like cyanobacteria
Originated from cells living in cells of other organisms
180
What do viruses lack?
Cellular structure
181
What do viruses consist of?
Nucleic acid core surrounded by a protein coat
| They look like robots
182
How are viruses grouped?
According to DNA vs RNA, size, shape, and structure
183
What are Bacteriophages?
Viruses that attack bacteria
184
At whose expense can viruses replicate?
The host
185
What are the steps a virus takes when in a host?
- Attach to susceptible cell
- Penetrate cell interior
- DNA/RNA dictates synthesis of new molecules
- New viruses releases from host cell
186
Name the phylums or Kingdom protista (8)
- chlorophyta
- chromophyta (diatoms)
- rhodophyta
- euglenophyta
- dinophyta
- charophyta
- myxomycota
- oomycota (water molds)
187
What kinds of cells do Protists have?
Eukaryotic
188
What is Chlorophyta?
Green Algae
189
How many species does Green Algae include?
7500, many forms, widespread habitats WATER
190
How do Green Algae reproduce and how many nucleus do they have?
Sexually and asexually with a single nucleus
191
What are some features of Chlamydomonas?
-live in freshwater
pools
-have whip-like flagella on one end pull the cell through the water
-single, cup-shaped chloroplast with one or two pyrenoids inside
192
Spirogyra is also know as
Pond scum
193
What are some features of Spirogyra?
-They are common freshwater algae
-They consist of unbranched filaments of cylindrical cells
-frequently float in masses at the surface of quiet waters
-asexual Reproduction by Fragmentation of existing
filaments
-sexual Reproduction by
Papillae fuse and form conjugation tubes
194
What is Ulva?
Also known as Sea Lettuce, it is multicellular seaweed with flattened green blades
195
What is Volvox?
Colonial green algae held together in a secretion of gelatinous material
196
What are examples of Green Algae?
- Chlamydomonas
- Spirogyra
- Ulva
- Volvox
- Chlorella
- Desmids
197
What are Chlorella?
Widespread green alga composed of tiny spherical cells
198
What are dismids?
Mostly free-floating and unicellular
199
What is the most abundant species included under Red Algae?
Seaweed, that occur in warmer and deeper waters
200
Where does red algae get most of its color?
Phycobilins
201
What do most red algae species produce?
Agar
202
Chromophyta includes
Diatoms
203
Where do diatoms occur?
Both fresh and salt water
204
Do diatoms like colder or warmer water?
Colder
205
What is Phaeophyceaes?
Brown Algae
206
What are some features of brown algae?
- Relativelt large and mostly marine
- Non-unicellular or colonial
- kelp
- Likes cool water
207
What are two examples of brown algae?
- Sargassum: Floating Brown seaweed
| - Fucus: Common rockweed
208
What shape are Euglenoids?
Spindle-shaped
209
Not having a cell wall allows Euglenoids to do what?
Change shape as they move
210
What do Euglenoids contain?
Gullet and a redeye spot
211
Dinophyta is also know as
Dinoflagellates
212
Where does the red tide come from?
Dinoflagellates that produce toxins
213
Which organism is bioluminescent?
Dinoflagellates
214
Name an organism that is primarily aquatic in shallow freshwater lakes and ponds
Stoneworts
215
What do stoneworts precipitate on their surface?
Calcium salts
216
What does a stonewort look like?
Short lateral branches in whorls
217
What organism reproduces oogamously?
Stoneworts
218
What is a Myxomycetes?
Plasmodial Slime Molds
219
What do plasmodial slime molds lack and are incapable of producing?
Lack chlorophyll and cannot produce food
220
What is animal like during life but fungal like during reproduction?
Plasmodial slime molds
221
What two organisms resemble fungus but are actually protists
Slime molds and water molds
222
What can be found on dead insects in the water?
Water molds
223
Mycelia is made of what?
Coenocytic hyphae
224
Hyphae is to ____ as mycelia is to ____
thread, shirt
225
Are sporophytes haploid or diploid?
Diploid
226
What do sporophytes produce and through what function?
Spores, meiosis
227
Are gametophytes haploid or diploid?
Haploid
228
What do gametophytes produce and through what function?
Gametes, mitosis
229
Fertilization produces what?
Zygotes
230
Is fertilization haploid or diploid?
Diploid
231
Name 10 protists by their common name
- green algae
- diatoms
- red algae
- brown algae
- euglenoids
- dinoflagellates
- stoneworts
- plasmodial slime molds
- water molds
232
What is true of all fungi?
- They are filamentous or unicellular heterotrophs
| - Absorb food through cell wall
233
How many phyla does the fungi kingdom have?
Five-- except some chytrids and
234
Chytrids can also be called
Zoosporic
235
Zoosporic translates to
Little pot
236
Name the six phylums in the fungal kingdom
- Chytridomycota
- Zygomycota
- Ascomycota
- Basidiomycota
- Deuteromycota
- Lichens
237
What do Chytrids include?
Mostly one-celled organisms
238
Zygomycota is also known as
Coenocytic True Fungi
239
What famous mold is included in the zygomycota phylum?
Black bread molds
240
Pilobolus is found on what?
Cow pies
241
Name an endomycorrhizal fungi
Zygomycota
242
What wood is used to make baseball bats?
White ash
243
What is a product of white ash?
Baseball bats
244
What wood is used to make expensive furniture?
Black walnut
245
What is a product of
Expensive furniture
246
What wood is used to make railroad ties?
Bald Cypress
247
What is a product of bald cypress?
Railroad ties
248
What wood is used to make bowling pins
Hard maple
249
What is a product of hard maple?
Bowling pins
250
What wood is used to make barrels?
White oak
251
What is a product of white oak?
Barrels
252
What wood is used to make houses?
White pine
253
What is a product of white pine?
Structures like houses
254
What are two characteristics of lignin?
Tough and strong
255
Definition of dense
Hard to snap, tough
256
Definition of durable
Long lasting
257
Is chestnut dense or durable?
Durable and not dense bc its easy to work
258
What wood is used to make fences?
Chestnut
259
What is a product of chestnut?
Fences
260
What are knots in wood?
A place where a leaf was lost and over grown
261
Give an example of a leaf with a dicot vein
Ginko
262
What is the oldest tree in the world?
Bristle cone pine
263
Fruit can look polished because of what?
The cuticle
264
Sundews resemble what food?
Sticky lollipop
265
What does a Venus Flytrapp secrete when it closes?
The same as our stomaches
266
What is a whistle pig?
A groundhog
267
What is the genus for a dodder plant?
Cuscuta
268
What transfers DNA between cells for evolution?
Pilus
269
Where do archaea thrive?
Firehole river, Iceland/North Island NZ, Hot Springs, Guisers
270
Kingdom protista is also known as a
Junk drawer
271
Phyla means
Plant
272
Mycota means
Fungi
273
What protist is most common?
Chlamydomonas
274
What organelle is light sensitive?
The eye spot
275
What organelle assembles food storage units for the cell?
Pyrenoid
276
Diatoms cell walls are made of what?
Glass in two parts like a shoebox and lid
277
Superficial melting in the rockies produces sun screening filaments because of what and what is it called?
Red Algae and watermelon snow
278
Top three most abundant organisms are:
Bacteria, yeast, diatoms
279
The word wort means what?
Little plant
280
Witches hair is a
plasmodial slime mold
281
Auger is
red algae that consumes a lot of bacteria
282
What percent of lichen are fungal?
90%
283
What has lead to the amphibian decline?
Chytrids infecting the skin and killing them
284
What keeps commercial bread from molding as fast?
Preservatives
285
Pilobolus does what that is interesting?
Pops its cap off between the grass blades to reproduce
