Exam 3 Flashcards
(218 cards)
1
Q
What is the common name for the Phylum Ascomycota?
A
Sac Fungi
2
Q
What Phylum does sac fungi belong to?
A
Ascomycota
3
Q
What group are truffles a member of?
A
Ascomycota/sac fungi
4
Q
How do truffles reproduce?
A
Asexually by means of spores
5
Q
What in conidia?
A
Spores that truffles produce on conidiophores for reproduction
6
Q
Name two edible ascomycotas
A
Murrels and truffles
7
Q
Yeast goes through what to aid in baked good and wine preparation?
A
Fermentation
8
Q
Name and describe two plant diseases
A
Dutch Elm Disease:
fungal disease that wiped out the majority of American elms
Chestnut Blight: same
9
Q
What is the common name for Basidiomycetes?
A
Club Fungi
10
Q
What is the scientific name for club fungi?
A
Basidiomycetes
11
Q
How do basidiomycetes reproduce?
A
Sexually where spores are produced at the tips of swollen hyphae that look like clubs
12
Q
Name 8 different groups of Basidiomycetes
A
- Agarics
- Puffballs
- Earth Stars
- Boletes
- Polypores
- Stinkhorns
- Chanterelles
- Birds Nest Fungi
13
Q
Do basidiomycetes reproduce asexually?
A
Possible but very infrequently
14
Q
What are gills?
A
The “lines” of the underside of a “mushroom”
15
Q
What is a fairy ring?
A
Fungi that grow in a large circle
16
Q
What are deuteromycetes?
A
Imperfect Fungi
17
Q
How do deuteromycetes reproduce?
A
A sexual stage has not been observed but by conidia
18
Q
How are deuteromycetes grouped together?
A
In artificial phylums
19
Q
What is the global biodiversity?
A
Unknown but very high
20
Q
What does a lichen consist of?
A
Fungi and algae associated in a spongy thallus
21
Q
What is the fungal part of the lichen called?
A
Mycobiont
22
Q
What is the algal part of the lichen called?
A
Photobiont
23
Q
90% of all lichen species have how many genera and genus?
A
3 genera of green algae and 1 genus of cyanobacteria
24
Q
How are lichens identified?
A
By their fungus component
25
What are two characteristics of lichens?
Grow slowly and live long
26
What kind of substance in a lichen thallus allows them to withstand wet and dry periods?
Gelatinous
27
What are the three growth forms of a lichen?
Crustose, Foliose, Fruticose
28
What kind of lichen is attached or embedded in their substrate?
Crustose
29
What kind of lichen contains leaf-like thalli which overlap?
Foliose
30
What kind of lichen resembles miniature upright shrubs or hang from branches?
Fruticose
31
Which type of lichen needs to be observed on the rock place it grows because it is hard to remove?
Crustose
32
How many layers makes up a lichen thallus?
3 or 4
33
What are the layers in a lichen thallus?
- Upper Cortex: protection
- Algal Layer: algal cells
- Medulla: hyphae
- Lower cortex: covered with rhizines
34
What is a rhizine?
A rootlike filament or hair growing from stems of mosses or lichens: rhizoid
35
What are two bad things about lichens?
They are incredibly sensitive to pollution and the degrade rocks, monuments etc with lichen acid
36
What is a lichen desert?
A place high in pollution (Sulfur Dioxide, radiation)
37
What organism has antibiotic properties and can act as a food supplement?
Lichens
38
What are bryophytes?
Mosses and related forms: liverworts and hornworts as well
39
If moss grows on one side of a tree in the Northern hemisphere, which way is North and how would you know?
The Northern side is the moss side and because the other side is dried out by the sun
40
How many species of bryophytes are there?
23,000
41
Where does the habitat of a bryophyte range from?
Sea level up to 5,500m or more
42
Bryophytes of all phyla often have what associated with their rhizoids?
Mycorrhizal fungi
43
What do bryophytes lack?
True xylem and phloem
44
Do bryophytes exhibit alteration of generations?
Yes
45
What organism always has two rows of partially overlapping "leaves" that contain oil bodies?
Leafy liverworts
46
A left liverwort produces these in a cup-like structures
Archegonia and antheridia
47
Archegonia is "female" or "male"
female
48
Antheridia is "female" or "male"
male
49
A germinating spore in a leafy liverwort will produce
Protonema
50
What organism has a thick thallus that forks dichotomously as it grows and consists of several types of tissues?
Thalloid Liverwort
51
What organism contains Bessie's Garden?
Thalloid Liverwort
52
What structure looks like a miniature green-black rod?
Mature sporophyte of a hornwort
53
How many species of Hornworts are there?
About 100
54
Thalli often have pores and cavities filled with what?
Mucilage that often contain nitrogen fixing bacteria
55
How many species of mosses are there?
About 15,000
56
What are the three classes of mosses?
- Peat mosses
- True mosses
- Rock mosses
57
Why is "leaves" in quotes when talking about mosses?
Because there is no mesophyll tissue, stomata, or veins
58
Describe the blades of mosses
One cell thick, never divided, form in three ranks, spiral
59
What makes (peat) mosses hold water so well?
They have two types of cells: chlorophyll-bearing and transparent water storage cells that swell
60
Peat mosses are good for what?
Soil conditioning, wound dressing, fuel
61
Name an organism that acts as a good packing material and indicator of surface water?
Moss
62
What is the common name for Phylum Psilotophyta?
Whisk Fern
63
What is the common name for Phylum Lycophyta?
Club Moss also known as ground pines, spike mosses, and quillworts
64
What is the common name for Phylum Equisetophyta?
Horsetails
65
What is the common name for Phylum Polypodiophyta?
Ferns
66
What does a whisk fern look like?
Small green whisk brooms
67
What organism has sporophytes that consist almost entirely of dichotomously forking aerial stems?
Whisk fern
68
What does a whisk fern not have?
Leaves or roots
69
What are the two major genera of the phylum lycophyta?
Lycopodium and Selaginella
70
What organism is known to have TRUE roots and stems?
Lycophyta
71
What are ground pines?
Lycopodium, grow on forest floor and look like tiny xmas trees that develop from branching rhizomes
72
What is a spike moss?
Selaginella, abundant in tropics, branch freely, have a ligule, heterospory
73
What is a ligule?
Like a little tongue on the upper surface of leaves
74
What is a quillwort?
Isoetes, submerged in water part of the year, microphylls arranged in tight spiral, legumes toward leaf base, corms with vascular cambium
75
Where are microphylls found?
In whorls at nodes
76
Horsetails are also known as
Scouring Rushes
77
How many species of horsetails are there among all continents?
About 25
78
What kind of leaf arrangements to the branches form in?
Whorls
79
What plant has significant silica deposits and where?
Horsetails: inner wall of stems epidermal cells
80
What is a collar?
Where leaves fused at their base on an equisetophyta
81
What causes horsetails to have a hollow stem center?
The pith breaks down
82
Why phylum does a fern belong to?
Phylum polypodiophyta
83
How many species of ferns are there?
11,000
84
Fern size?
1cm to 25m
85
What are fronds?
Fern leaves that are megaphylls
| typically divided into smaller segaments
86
What are ferns used for?
- house plants
- rhizomes = food
- folk medicine
- fronds = thatching houses
87
What is a fossil?
Any recognizable prehistoric organic object preserved from past geological ages
88
What are good things for fossilization?
Quick burial and hard parts
89
What are different types of fossilization?
Molds, casts, compressions, imprints
90
If air spaces remain, what kind of fossilization is happening?
Mold
91
If silica sills the spaces, what kind of fossilization is happening?
Cast
92
When a thin outline is the only thing left what kind of fossilization has taken place?
Compression
93
What kind of plants are gymnosperms?
Conifers, usually
94
What does the term gymnosperm refer to?
Exposed seeds
95
Where is the female gametophyte produced?
Inside an ovule
96
What are the four living phyla of gymnosperms?
- Phylum Pinophyta
- Phylum Ginkgophyta
- Phylum Cycadophyta
- Phylum Gnetophyta
97
What does the phylum pinophyta include?
Conifers/pines
98
What is the largest conifer genus?
Pinus
99
How many species does pinophyta include?
Over 100 living species
100
What is the worlds oldest known living organism?
Bristlecone Pine
101
What do pine leaves look like and how are they arranged?
Needlelike: clusters in 2, 3, 5 bundles, rarely 1
102
What is a cluster of pine leaves called?
Fascicle
103
What is a fascicle?
A cluster of pine needles that form a cylindrical rod
104
What is resin and where does it develop?
Amber, antiseptic, sticky, develops in the mesophyll
105
What does most gymnosperm wood consist of? What is it missing?
Tracheas, no vessel members of fibers
106
Most conifer roots are associated with
Mycorrhizal fungi
107
Most conifers are found where?
Up globe and up mtn
108
Is a pollen cone male or female?
Male
109
Is a seed cone male or female?
Female
110
Megasporangium is associated with
Female/archegonium/seed cones
111
Microsporangium is associated with
Male/antheridium/pollen cones
112
More Pinophyta
Bald Cypress, Yew, Podocarps
113
The common name for Ginkgo is
Maidenhair trees
114
How many living ginkgo species are there?
1
115
Describe ginkgo leaves
Notched, broad, fan shaped
produced in a spiral on short slow-growing spurs
No midrib or prominent veins
Dichotomous
116
What organism looks like a cross between a tree fern and palm?
Cycad
117
How and where do cycads grow? Appearance?
Slow and in the tropics with tall unbranched trees with a crown of large pinnately divided leaves
118
How is a cycad pollinated?
With beetles instead of wind
119
What organism is pollenated by beetles?
Cycads
120
Name an organism that is unique to the gymnosperms and have vessels in the xylem
Gnetophytes
121
What genus has 70 known species that are joint firs in the gnetophyta phylum?
Ephedra
122
What are the three genus' in the Gnetophytes?
Ephedra and Welwitschia and Gnetum
123
Where do Gnetophytes occur?
Tropics
124
Where do welwitschia occur?
Dessert SW Africa
125
How many species are in the welwitschia genus?
1
126
How many leaves does a Welwitschia plant have?
Two throughout their life
127
How much rainfall does SW Africa get on average?
2.5cm
128
What are some uses for gymnosperms (conifers)?
- Edible seeds
- crates, boxes matchsticks
- cheap furniture
- telephone poles
- fuel
- pulpwood
- ornamentals
- pharmaceuticals
- turpentine and resin
129
What is a good use for red spruce?
Violins
130
What can you find on a moist fallen log?
Cup fungus/ascomycetes
131
Where can truffles be found?
Pine forests
132
What do flying squirrels and female pigs have to do with anything?
They eat truffles/hypogeus fungi
133
A murrel fungus is also known as
A button mushroom
134
What mushrooms can you eat raw?
Common, cook rest
135
How do fungus reproduce?
Spores
136
How many trees in Eastern North America were Chestnut?
40%
137
What are basidiomycetes?
Larger fungi
138
Name a gilled organism
Agarics
139
What do stinkhorns smell like and why?
Rotting flesh because it attracts flies that spread the spores
140
What fungi is hallucinogenic?
Agarics
141
What country loves fungi?
Thailand
142
What area are the spores in for a fungus?
Ascis
143
What fungus has the spores on the outside?
Basidium
144
How many basidiospore are there per basidium?
4
145
How many ascospores are there per ascus?
8
146
If you come in contact with the agarics west coast fatal fungi poison what will help you get better?
Liver transplant
147
How do you make a spore print?
On paper cut the cap off and the spores will pop out
148
Give an example of an ectomycorrhizal fungi
Bolics
149
Does a chanterelle have ridges or gilles?
Ridges
150
What are other names for the polypore shelf fungus?
Bracket, conk, sulfur shell
151
What do stinkhorns produce?
Gelatinous mass
152
When can you eat a lawyers wig agarics?
When it is young
153
How do the spores get out of the Birds Nest fungus? What is the mechanism called?
Raindrops flick them out: splash cup mechanism
154
What do nematodes have lots of?
Nitrogen
155
What is fuzzy and decomposes leaves?
Hyphomecetes
156
What is an organic sponge?
Lichen
157
What do caribou eat?
Fruticose lichens
158
The body of a lichen is a
Thallus
159
The mycobiont part of a lichen is what?
Ascomycetes
160
Fruticose lichens look like
an old mans beard
161
What is reindeer moss?
Fruticose lichen
162
What part of a lichen absorbs?
Medulla
163
How old is the oldest lichen fossil?
400 million
164
Pittsburg is
A lichen desert
165
Name a self medicating organism
Lichen
166
What were the first land green plants?
Mosses
167
What are land green plants?
Mosses, grasses, trees, etc
168
In the Southern Hemisphere what side of a tree does the moss grow on?
South
169
Are hornworts common or no?
No
170
What is the simplest and most abundant bryophyte?
Leafy Liverwort
171
In a sporophyte, what produces spores?
Capsule
172
Is the sporophyte or gametophyte dominant in bryophytes?
Gametophyte
173
In bryophytes does the male or female thallus have a splash cup?
Male
174
In bryophytes does the male or female thallus look like a palm tree?
Female
175
What is a gemma cup?
Splash cup for liverworts aka Jimmy cup
176
What looks like a coke bottle with a marble in it?
Archegonia
177
Peat mosses can absorb how many times their weight in water?
30x
178
What are some uses for peat moss?
Diapers, antibiotic, dried and burned
179
What is a protonema?
The early algal stages of bryotphytes
180
What is a seta?
Flagpole made of tissue with a salt shaker top
181
What system traps water for sperm to swim in?
Paraphysis
182
Where can sphagnum, peat, and bognum be found?
Tropics, high mountain tops, AK
183
Sphagnum bogs do what to their own environment, what is it like?
They make it super acidic so they can't decompose and (bodies) can be well preserved
184
Gametophyte: haploid or diploid?
Haploid
185
Sporophyte: haploid or diploid?
Diploid
186
Is the sporophyte or gametophyte dominant in ferns?
Sporophyte
187
Where are club mosses found?
App mtns
188
What fern is most common in AR?
Christmas/evergreen fern
189
Name an amphibious plant
Quillworts: submerged and on land
190
Horsetails have what that protects them from herbivores?
Silica/glass
191
What has self-peeling spores?
Equisetophyta/horsetails
192
What made up coal deposits forests?
Lycopods and equistophyta
193
A small fern is how tall?
Less than 1 ft
194
A large fern is how tall?
Greater than 1 ft
195
How big is the cinnamon fern?
5 ft
196
What is a monkey tail or a fiddle head?
A fern frond
197
What is carcenogenous?
It means they cause ovarian cancer like cigs and ferns are
198
What do house plants do?
Refresh the air
199
How are ferns identified?
By their fronds and the back/bottom where their reproductive structures are
200
What are the reproductive structures on a fern called?
Indusiums
201
An ovule becomes what?
A seed
202
What is an integument?
Covering
203
Gymnosperms: homo or hetero?
Homo
204
Mickey mouse
Microgametophytes in gymnosperms
205
Female ginkgo are bad because
They are a skin irritant and smell bad
206
Male ginkgos produce
pollen
207
San Diego zoo and FL are good places to see what?
Cycads
208
What kind of beetles pollinate cycads?
Weevils
209
How much did the largest cycad cone weigh?
100lbs
210
Gnetophytes evolved to have what?
tissues, vessels
211
Where is Mt Kosciusko?
Australia
212
Why is Mt Kosciusko important?
It has watermelon snow
213
What is the name of a bottle tree and where is it found?
Baobab: Australia and Africa
214
Are there herbaceous conifers?
No
215
What is true of all land green plants?
They have similar life cycles
216
What are the two stages of the life cycle?
Sporophyte and gametophyte
217
Life cycle
Gametophytes produce-> gametes in archegonia and antheridia-> Sperm travels to egg-> fertilization-> zygote-> sporophyte produces-> spores in sporangium-> meiosis-> Spores germinate to-> gametophytes
218
Sperm needs one of two things to move
Wind or water
