Final Flashcards
(280 cards)
1
Q
What are seed plants?
A
Angiosperms
2
Q
When did flowering plants first appear? What period?
A
160 million years ago during the late Jurassic period
3
Q
What did most botanists hypothesize about primitive flowers?
A
That they had numerous spirally-arranged parts that weren’t fused
4
Q
What makes angiosperms different from gymnosperms?
A
The angiosperm seeds are contained in a structure
5
Q
What is the structure where seeds are contained called?
A
Carpel
6
Q
What is the largest and most diverse phylum of the Plant Kingdom?
A
Angiosperms
7
Q
Are angiosperms heterosporous or homosporous?
A
Hereosporous
8
Q
Describe a female gametophyte
A
Wholly enclosed within sporophyte tissue and are reduced to only few cells
9
Q
Describe a male gametophyte
A
Consist of a germinated pollen grain with three nuclei
10
Q
Give an example of a compound carpel
A
Tomato, thinner pericarp several ovules
11
Q
Give an example of a simple carpel
A
Avocado, thicker pericarp, one ovule
12
Q
What is pollination?
A
The transfer of pollen grains from an anther to a stigma
13
Q
What is fertilization?
A
The union of an egg and sperm
14
Q
How long can fertilization take place after pollination?
A
Days, weeks, or months after
15
Q
What color flowers do birds often visit? Smell?
A
Bright red or yellow, very little odor
16
Q
How do flowers ensure the return of bird-pollinators?
A
The produce copious amounts of nectar
17
Q
What kind of flowers do bats visit?
A
Ones that open at night
18
Q
What is a herbaria?
A
Libraries of dried, pressed plants, algae, fungi arranged and labeled
19
Q
How long can a properly prepared specimen remain in excellent condition?
A
300+ years
20
Q
What is special about wild ginger?
A
The flower is located at the base of the plant
21
Q
What does an embryonic primordium develop into?
A
A bud
22
Q
What is another name for sepals?
A
Calyx
23
Q
What is another name for petals?
A
Corolla
24
Q
What are the calyx and corolla together called?
A
Perianth
25
What does a stamen consist of?
Filament with an anther on top
26
What develops in anthers?
Pollen grains
27
What are stamen attached to?
The receptacle around the base of the pistil
28
What does the pistil consist of?
Stigma, style, ovary
29
What is a Superior Ovary?
Calyx and corolla attached to the receptacle at the base of the ovary
30
What is an Inferior Ovary?
Where the receptacle grows up and around the ovary, calyx and corolla appear to attach on top
31
What is an inflorescence?
Group of several to hundreds of flowers
32
What is special about the Trumpet Creeper?
The petals are fused together
33
Name some popular types of inflorescence
Raceme, Spike, Umbel, compound Umbel, Head, Catkins
34
What are some dicot characteristics?
- flower parts in 4s and 5s
- leaves have distinct vein network
- vascular cambium
- vascular bundles in rings
- pollen grain with three apertures
35
What are some monocot characteristics?
- flower parts in 3s
- leaves with parallel primary veins
- no vascular cambium
- vascular bundles scattered
- pollen grain with one aperture
36
What is a fruit?
The ovary and its accessory parts that have developed and matured
37
Do fruits usually contain seeds?
Yes
38
What is the exocarp on a fruit?
The skin
39
What is the endocarp on a fruit?
Inner boundary around the seed/seeds
40
What is the mesocarp on a fruit?
The fleshy tissue between the endocarp and exocarp that is eaten
41
What are the xo, endo, and mesocarp combined called?
Pericarp
42
Name three kinds of simple, fleshy fruit
Drupe, berry, pome
43
Describe a drupe
Hard endocarp
44
Describe a berry
Entire pericarp is fleshy
45
Describe a pome
Bulk of fruit comes from enlarged floral tube or receptacle that grows up around the ovary
46
Name two types of dry fruits
Dehiscent and Indehiscent
47
What is dehiscent?
Dry fruits that open
48
What is indehiscent?
Dry fruits that don't open
49
Give an example of a drupe
Peach, pit cherries
50
Give an example of a berry
Grapes, tomato
51
Give an example of a pome
Apple
52
Give examples of indehiscent dry fruits
Achene, nut, grain, samara
53
What is an achene?
One seeded, seed and pericarp not fused
54
What is a nut?
Larger, hard fruit
55
What is a grain?
Grass family, seed and pericarp fused together
56
What is a samara?
"Winged" fruit
57
Give examples of dehiscent dry fruits
Follicle, legume, capsule
58
What is a follicle?
Splits along one side or seam
59
What is a legume?
Splits along two sides or seams
60
What is a capsule?
Consists of at least two carpels and splits in a variety of ways
61
Name two types of composite fruits
Aggregate fruits and multiple fruits
62
What is an aggregate fruit?
A fruit derived from a single flower with several to many pistils
Individual pistils mature as a clustered unit on a single receptacle
63
Give examples of aggregate fruit
Raspberry, strawberry
64
What is multiple fruit?
Derived from several to many individual flowers in a single inflorescence
65
Give examples of multiple fruits
Pineapples, figs, osage orange
66
What kind of seeds are dispersed with the wind?
Small and lightweight
67
How does animal seed dispersion work?
The seeds pass through the digestive tract or catch on fur/feathers
68
How can seeds attract ants?
With oils
69
Some fruits contain what that pertains to water disposal?
Air
70
Give examples of wind dispersed seeds
dandelion, maple, poppy, orchid, cottonwood, tumbleweed, oak, grasses
71
Give examples of animal dispersed seeds
cocklebur, mistletoe berries, bur clover fruit, bedstraw fruit, capsule of unicorn plant
72
What is a food storage organ that functions as first seed leaves?
Cotyledons
73
What is an embryo shoot?
Plumule
74
What is the stem above the cotyledon?
Epicotyl
75
What is the stem tip that develops into a root?
Radicle
76
What is the beginning or resumption of seed growth?
Germination
77
What must the seed be to be able to germinate?
Viable
78
What are some things that help with viability?
A period of dormancy, scarification, post ripe
79
What extends the viability of seeds?
When they are stored under low temp dry conditions
80
What is the longest a seed waited to germinate?
10,000 years
81
What things connect flowering plants into families?
characteristics, biogeography/dist, uses
82
What family do buttercups belong to?
Ranunculaceae
83
How many member species are in the Ranunculaceae family?
1,500, nearly all herbaceous
84
Are members of Ranunculaceae poisonous?
Most members are at least slightly poisonous
85
What family do Cinnamon, Cassia, Sassafras, Sweet Bay, and Camphor belong to?
Lauraceae
86
What family do drugs like Opium, Morphine, Codeine, and Heroin belong to?
Papaveraceae
87
Where are most Papaveraceaes located?
Temperate and subtropical regions North of the equator
88
Ranunculaceae
Buttercups
89
Lauraceae
Cinnamon, Cassia, Sassafras, Sweet Bay, and Camphor
90
Papaveraceae
Opium, Morphine, Codeine, and Heroin
91
What family do Cabbage, Cauliflower, Brussel Sprouts, Broccoli, Radish, Turnip, Horseradish, Watercress, and Rutabaga belong to?
Brassicaceae
92
How many members are in the Brassicaceae family?
About 2,500
93
Where are most members of the Brassicaceae family located?
Primarily throughout the temperate and cooler regions of North America
94
Brassicaceae
Cabbage, Cauliflower, Brussel Sprouts, Broccoli, Radish, Turnip, Horseradish, Watercress, and Rutabaga
95
What is the modern name for a Cruciferae?
Brassicaceae
96
What do the flower petals of Cruciferae/Brassicaceae look like and how many?
Cross, 4
97
How many species/members does the Rosaceae family include?
3,000
98
What is the economic impact of the Rosaceae family?
Garden ornamentals, fragrances, hips
99
What family do Peas, Beans, Peanuts, and Alfalfa belong to?
Fabaceae
100
What is another name for the Fabaceae family?
Legume
101
What is the third largest flowering plant family??
Fabaceae
102
How many members does the Fabaceae family have?
13,000
103
Fabaceae
Peas, Beans, Peanuts, and Alfalfa
104
What family are cactus in?
Cactaceae
105
How many members are in the Cactaceae family?
Potentially more than 1,500
106
Where is the Cactaceae family usually located?
In dry, subtropical regions
107
Can members of the Cactaceae family be eaten?
Yes
108
What family is mint in?
Lamiaceae
109
Cactaceae
Cactus
110
Lamiaceae
Mint
111
How can you distinguish members of the Lamiaceae family?
- Angular stems with square cross sections
- Opposite leaves
- Bilaterally symmetrical flowers
112
What can mint oils be used for?
Medical antiseptics
113
What family do Capsicum, Jimsyn weed, Tobacco, and Tomatoes belong to?
Solanaceae
114
What is another name for the Solanaceae family?
Nightshade family
115
What family does the Belladonna drug complex including atropine and scopolamine stem from?
Solanaceae
116
Solanaceae
Capsicum, Jimsyn weed, Tobacco, and Tomatoes
117
What family do Dill, Celery, Carrots, Parsley, and Caraway belong to?
Apiaceae
118
What is another name for the Apiaceae family?
Carrot family
119
How many members does the Apiaceae family include?
Approx. 2,000
120
What is the second largest flowering plant family?
Asteraceae
121
Apiaceae
Dill, Celery, Carrots, Parsley, and Caraway
122
What family do sunflowers belong to?
Asteraceae
123
What are individual flowers called?
Florets
124
What is another name for the Asteraceae family?
Sunflowers family
125
What family do grains, Sugar Cane, Citronella, and Fibers belong to?
Poaceae
126
What is another name for the Poaceae family?
Grass family
127
What family includes specialized flowers and cereals?
Poaceae
128
Poaceae
Grains, Sugar Cane, Citronella, and Fibers
129
What family do Asparagus, Sarsaparilla, Meadow Saffron, Aloe, and Onions/Garlic belong to?
Liliaceae
130
What is another name for the Liliaceae family?
Lily family
131
How many members does the Liliaceae family include?
Approx. 4,550
132
Where does the Liliaceae family occur?
In almost any area supporting vegetation
133
Liliaceae
Asparagus, Sarsaparilla, Meadow Saffron, Aloe, and Onions/Garlic
134
What family do orchids belong to?
Orchidaceae
135
How large is the Orchidaceae family?
More than 35,000 species
136
Where can members of the Orchidaceae family be found?
They are widely distributed with diverse habitats
137
Are the flowers in the Ochidaceae family all different or generally the same?
Extremely varied in size and form
138
Name two regional issue that affects ecology
Acid deposition and water contamination
139
What is acid deposition?
The burning of fossil fuels that release sulfur and nitrogen compounds into the atmosphere
140
How do rain and sunlight play a role in acid deposition?
The chemicals react with the sunlight and rain to convert the compounds into nitric acid and sulfuric acid
141
Name two effects of acid rain
Tree loss (Spruce decline) and accelerates weathering
142
Give some examples of things that contaminate water
- Pesticides
- Septic Tanks
- Fertilizer
- Hazardous waste
- Exhaust
143
What are different kinds of water contamination?
- Surface water contamination
- Ground-water contamination
- Wetlands
144
Give examples of things that contaminate surface water
- Pollution runoff
- pesticides
- engine exhaust
145
Give examples of things that contaminate ground-water
- pesticides
- septic tanks
- fertilizers
146
How are wetlands affected by water contamination?
- Seen as wasteland and drained to become ag land
| - wildlife habitat, can lead to certain extinction if trashed
147
What type of land can perform the same recycling functions as $150,000 treatment centers?
Wetland
148
How did earlier generations dispose of hazardous waste?
Casually
149
Now how does hazardous waste get "loose?"
From spills and accidents
150
Name four global concerns
- Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
- "Ozone hole" in South polar region
- Climate Change
- Loss of Biodiversity (Extinction)
151
Define a population
A group of individuals of the same species inhabiting the same area at the same time
(Same time and location and species)
152
Name three important characteristics of populations
- Pop size
- Pop density
- Genetic diversity
153
Define a community
Many populations of many species living together at the same time and location
(Same time and location and many species)
154
How do similar communities occur?
Under similar environmental conditions
155
What are ecotones?
transitions between communities
156
What is the speakers name that came in?
Karen Willard
157
How can ecosystems sustain themselves?
Through photosynthetic activity, energy flow through food chains, and nutrient recycling
158
What are producers?
Organisms that are capable of carrying out photosynthesis and storing energy that is produced
159
What type of consumer feeds on producers?
Primary
160
What type of consumer feeds on primary consumers?
Secondary
161
What are decomposers?
organisms that break down organic material to forms that are release back into the ecosystem for reassimilation
162
What is an ecosystem?
Interlocking food webs that determine energy flow
163
What is a food web made of?
Food chains
164
What percent of the light energy falling on a temperate zone community is involved in organic material production?
1%
165
What percent of the energy or biomass is transferred from one level to the next in a food chain?
About 10%
166
Because only 10% of the energy is transferred between food chain levels what does this mean?
There is a sharp reduction in the number of individuals at each level
167
Water cycle
Evaporation, condensation, precipitation, runoff
168
What organism cycles carbon?
Bacteria
169
Burning what has increased the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere?
Fossil fuels
170
How does an increase in Co2 effect plant growth?
Initial increase but becomes limited
171
Where is most nitrogen in living organisms?
In the protoplasmic proteins of their cells
172
Where is most nitrogen supply from?
Soil in the form of inorganic compounds and ions
173
What is succession?
When after awhile plants come up, like if you don't mow for a really long time
174
What is primary succession?
Soil formation
175
What is secondary succession?
Disturbed areas (mowed places)
176
What is climax vegetation?
Stable plant associations
177
Why are some fires good?
The lead to new growth
178
What are most natural fires started by?
Lightning
179
Trying to eliminate fires disrupts what?
Natural cycles
180
What is the Greenhouse Effect/
When certain gases allow sunlight to pass through the atmosphere but trap the heat radiation
181
Name two greenhouse gases
CO2 and methane
182
What do fossil fuels release into the atm?
CO2
183
What do swamps and wetlands release that is produced by bacteria?
Methane
184
When habitats are destroyed quickly, why can't organisms survive?
They can't adapt fast enough
185
What has accelerated over the past 50 years as humans have altered ecosystems?
Extinction rates
186
How much has the average annual temperatures increased since 1895?
0.7C
187
When did most of the temperature increasing happen?
Since 1970
188
When was the warmest decade on record?
The most recent one
189
T/F: extreme weather events increasing is an example of climate change evidence
True
190
What has been increasing since the 1980s?
The length of growing season
191
What natural disaster has increased in intensity, frequency, and duration since the 1980s?
Atlantic hurricanes
192
What human activities are causing climate change?
Burning fossil fuels and deforestation leads to increase of CO2
193
What is the projected increase in global temperature by 2100?
1.1 to 2.2 C or 2.8 to 5.6 in the worst case
194
An increase in global temperature will lead to what kind of migration?
Vegetation migration
195
Melting polar ice caps leads to
Rising sea levels
196
Which direction will Red Spruce forests shift?
Up in elevation and northward in the Northern Hemisphere
197
What will happened to plants because of climate change?
- Migration
- Expansion and contraction
- Permafrost degradation at high lat
- Substantial reduction of snow and ice
198
Microbial loop
Structure and composition of vegetation-->input of organic matter to soil-->abundance of bacteria in soil-->eumycetozoans present-->energy pathway-->productivity and carbon sequestration
199
Where is the Spruce/hardwood ecotone shift?
Central Appalachians
200
Bog/Spruce/hardwood ecotone is where?
Mtns of Western central West Virginia
201
What percent of the land surface in the antarctic is ice-free?
1-2%
202
What does vegetation in the antarctic mostly consist of?
"Lower" plants
203
How many macrofungi are known in the antarctic?
About 20 species
204
What are the two vascular plants found in the antarctic and what are their families?
- Deschampsia antarctica (Poaceae)
| - Colobanthus quitensis (Caryophyllaceae)
205
What does order of magnitude inc by?
1-->10-->100
206
What do antarctic plants do to keep warm?
Huddle together
207
Name a primitive flower?
Magnolia
208
What is a regular flower?
If you twirl it around it looks all the same
209
Name an irregular flower
Orchid, bleeding heart
210
Name four primitive flower parts?
Sepals, stamen,petals, carpels
211
What flower part looks like mickey mouse?
Stamen with pollen sacs
212
Where is the placenta?
Inside pollen sac
213
What is a micropyle?
The opening that allows sperm to reach the egg
214
How many nuclei are typically in the female reproduction system?
8
215
What is the ovule?
The seed
216
Name a plant with the highest number of seeds
Orchid, thousands
217
What are four pollinators?
Wind, birds, bats, bugs
218
What do bug pollinated plants look like?
Flashy
219
What is an example of bird pollinated flowers and what color are they?
Red, Trumpet vine, creeper
220
Where are bat pollinated plants located?
High in the topic canopy
221
What is not a good material when plants are being kept?
Cellophane tape
222
What is special about wild ginger?
Self pollenated, mildly carcinogenic
223
What is the worlds largest flower like?
1m across, smells like rotting flesh flower of root parasite
224
What are catkins from?
Oaks wind pollinated
225
What are sepals?
The leaflike things are the base off the flower
226
What does the anther hold?
Pollen with filament
227
Is the pistil female or male?
Female
228
What is an inflorescence?
A group of flowers
229
What does an umbel look like?
A fan
230
What does a spike look like?
Grows up opposite of catkins
231
What is a raceme?
Mostly primitive alternating
232
What is a one seed leaf?
Monocot
233
What is a two seed leaf?
Dicot
234
Is wild ginger monocot or dicot?
Dicot because net veins
235
Monocots never have what? but dicots have exceptions
Vascular cambium
236
Is bamboo monocot or dicot?
Monocot
237
Name a nitrogen fixing family?
Legumes
238
What is a stone fruit?
Drupe, pit fruit
239
What reshaped civilization?
Wine
240
Name the most primitive fruit?
Follicle
241
Name the parts of a seed
Seed coat, micropyle, hypocotyl, hilum, plumule
242
Is corn monocot or dicot?
Monocot, one leaf
243
what favorable environmental factors do seeds need to germinate?
Able to take up water, and good temperature
244
Is dicot taproot or fibrous?
Taproot
245
Is monocot taproot or fibrous?
Fibrous
246
How long can dry seeds on a shelf last?
Up to 1/2 century
247
Ranunculaceae family is pollinated by what?
Hummingbirds
248
Lauracaea family has what unique trait?
V odorous
249
Where is the Papaveraceae family found?
In the Northern Hemisphere
250
What does a rose have?
Prickles
251
How many petals does a wild rose have?
5
252
What are rose hips?
Look like tomatoes and can be eaten
253
What family are raspberries and blueberries part of?
Rosaceae
254
Name two types of Cacti
Barrel, prickly pear
255
What family is highly toxic if too much is consumed?
Solanaceae
256
What can Jimson weed do?
Get you high, kill you, and go blind when chewed
257
What kind of leaf arrangement does the genus lilium have?
Whorled
258
Name two plants in the liliaceae family that have spots
Trout lily and fawn lily
259
Why are orchids hard to establish?
Because they are so mycorrihizol
260
Facts about the Skunk cabbage
Fat spike, fly pollenated, smells bad
261
Facts about Jack in a pulpit
Sexes separate but can change sex
262
Facts about blood root
Petals fall off super easy, far produces red latex, rhizome, little toxic
263
Name a flower with a heart leaf
Violet
264
What is a flower?
The reproductive structure of angiosperms
265
What are flower flies?
Look like bees, act like bees
266
What is a scavenger?
Eats dead things
267
What is special about a trumpet creeper?
5 fused petals
268
Name an organism highly affected by acid rain
Frogs
269
What is DDT?
A pesticide
270
What is the ozone hole?
Does not block UV radiation S AUstralia
271
Name a place with slow succession
National Parks
272
What is primary succession?
Starting from scratch
273
What is secondary succession?
Like in a parking lot
274
Name a temporary landscape
Ponds
275
Name an invasive species that can take over a whole forest
Kutzu
276
Where are most invasive plants found?
Road side/along disturbed areas
277
Red spruce grows where?
Cold low evelation
278
Gentu penguins in the subantarctic are affected by global warming how?
Multiple species affect reproduction
279
Why are bryophytes and lichens heavily pigmented in the antarctic?
Sunscreen
280
What is Carophyllacaea?
The pink family with notched petals
