Exam 2 Flashcards
(276 cards)
1
Q
We’re not universally recognized as real biological remains in the 1700s
A
Fossils
2
Q
What are the types of fossil preservation
A
Pre-mineralization Molds/casts Original Recrystallization and infilling Replacement Carbonization Traces Coprolite Amber
3
Q
Original shell/bone preserved
A
Original
4
Q
___ of fossil mineral with different minerals; changes chemistry
A
Replacement
5
Q
Filling in the spaces in bone/wood with minerals
A
Pre-mineralization
6
Q
Recrystallizes, but doesn’t change chemistry
A
Recrystallization
7
Q
Settlement surrounds fossils creating a ____ or ____
A
Mold; cast
8
Q
Crystal growth (or sediment) in void spaces
A
Infilling
9
Q
Not an actual fossil, but a track
A
Traces
10
Q
Fossils can be preserved in ____
A
Amber
11
Q
Fossil feces
A
Coprolite
12
Q
Believed that resources are scarce
A
Thomas Malthus
13
Q
Thomas Malthus believed that the human population doubles in __ years, the amount of food ____ more slowly than the population, and some humans will ___
A
25; increases; die
14
Q
Used fossil based stratigraphy (faunal succession) to help map England
A
William Smith
15
Q
______ and ________ was recognized in early 1800s
A
Extinction; faunal succession
16
Q
George Cuvier believed in
A
Catastrophism
17
Q
Provided evidence for an old Earth
A
Hutton and Lyell
18
Q
First proposed mechanism of evolution but was incorrect; also thought acquired characteristics were inherited
A
Lamarck
19
Q
Recognized homology and vertebrates
A
Richard Owen
20
Q
Intentional breeding for certain traits
A
Artificial selection
21
Q
Sailed on HMS Beagle in 1831
A
Charles Darwin
22
Q
Where was Charles Darwin’s first stop
A
St Jago
23
Q
How did the Galápagos Islands form
A
Hotspot volcanism
24
Q
In the 1700s and earlier most believed in ____ and also didn’t ____
A
“Fixity of species”; accept extinction
25
What did Darwin NOT know when he sailed on the Beagle
DNA as basic genetics
26
What birds are found on the Galápagos Islands
Galápagos Finches
27
The finches filled many bird ____ on Galápagos
Niches
28
What happened to the finch beak size after the first drought
They became larger
29
Where did the 13 different species come from?
Evolved from the same ancestor that migrated to Galápagos
30
Speciation from a single ancestral species in a new environment
Adaptive radiation
31
What is a cladogram
A tree or diagram of connecting species
32
Contracted malaria in Malaysia
Alfred Wallace
33
Alfred Wallace independently came up with the same _____ as Darwin
Natural Section
34
Presented natural selection together
Wallace and Darwin
35
(T/F) Larger beak sizes provide advances at all times
F
36
Darwin's theory of genetics required ----
Inheritable characteristics
37
Worked out basic genetics in the 1860s
Gregor Mendel
38
What is your genotype
Genetic code; heritable material
39
Any characteristic and how it acts with its environment; physical expression of the genes
Phenotype
40
Evolution acts on ------
Phenotypes
41
Different genes create different ___ in population
Variations
42
Give a few examples of recessive traits
Blue eyes
Sickles cell anemia
Lactase persistence
43
Evolution of Earth through Natural Selection
1. Lyell believed the earth was --- (aka. ----)
2. Cuvier suggested that --- change through time
3. Lamarck believed characteristics were ----
4. Malthus thought ---- restrict ------
5. Darwin observed ---!adapting to the ----
1. Very old; Uniformitarianism
2. Species
3. Inherited
4. Resources; population growth
5. Finches; environment
44
What is the context for development of theory of natural selection
Fossils
Geology
Living species
45
Fossils tell us the ---- and ---- of animals
Biology
| Faunal succession
46
What does geology tell us?
The age of the earth
47
Homologous of bond elements
Anatomy
48
Farmers used ---- to create new products
Artificial selection
49
Has variations between individuals
Population
50
Variation in population is due to
Inheritable characteristics
51
Some variations provide ---- to the individual
Advantages
52
Individuals with advantages are more likely to ----
Survive
53
Individuals that survive are more likely to ----- to the -----
Pass on their variations; next generation
54
What is encoded by DNA
Central dogma of biology
55
DNA codes for
Proteins
56
--- is passed down
DNA
57
--- are the phenotype
Proteins
58
What happened to the light pocket mice
They evolved to dark mice to blend in with the dark lava
59
The pocket mice incidence isn't consistent with the idea that evolution is ----
Random
60
New variations in a population
Mutations
61
Mutations can be --- or ---
Useful; harmful
62
Mutations can occur during the make up of ---- or can be ----
Sex cells; inherited
63
Give an example of a species with a mutation that can be helpful and harmful
Peppered moths
64
Population of organisms that naturally interbreed and produce fertile organisms
Species
65
Speciation is sometimes considered ----
Macro evolution
66
No physical separation of a species
Sympathetic speciation
67
Physical separation of a species
Allopatric speciation
68
Give an example of allopatric speciation
The rise of the isthmus of Panama separating the open flow between the pacific and
69
Which rock type preserves fossils?
Sedimentary
70
Sedimentary rocks host all --- resources such as ---, ---, and ---
Energy; oil, gas, and coal
71
Name the types of sedimentary rocks
Clastic and chemical
72
Lithification pieces of sediment
Clastic sedimentary rocks
73
Precipitation of minerals out of water
Chemical sedimentary rocks
74
Chemical sedimentary rocks are --- not transported
Born
75
Clastic rocks are characterized/identified by
Grain size
Grain shape
Grain sorting
Mineralogy
76
Dependent on the energy of transport
Grain size
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The sphericity and angularity of a rock
Grain shape
78
Overall shape
Sphericity
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How many pointy edges it has
Angularity
80
Name the two classifications of grain sorting
Poorly sorted and well sorted
81
Same size particles throughout
Well sorted
82
Varied sizes of particles
Poorly sorted
83
What is Mineralogy
The percentage of quartz, feldspar, and lithics that makes up a rock
84
Converting unconsolidated sediments into a rock
Lithification
85
Name the two types of lithification
Compaction
| Cementation
86
Pore space filled with calcite, quartz, or clay
Cementation
87
Pressure pushing grains together
Compaction
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What is the order of sediment from largest to smallest
Gravel, sand, silt, clay
89
What clastic rocks have the grain size of mud
Shale
Mudstone
Siltstone
90
What clastic rocks have the grain size of sand
Sandstone
91
What clastic rocks have the grain size of gravel
Conglomerate
| Breccia
92
---- is clay sized particles in thin layers; if no layering, it's called a ----
Shale; mudstone
93
Rock made of mostly particles; Layering not as distinct
Siltstone
94
Compare and contrast shale and siltstone
Both of them do not have visible grains; shale has lots of fine layers, siltstone is not layered
95
How do you describe sandstone
```
Grain size (fine/medium/coarse)
Grain shape (angular/rounded)
Grain sorting (well/poorly)
Mineralogy (% of quartz, feldspar, and lithics)
```
96
Fairly well rounded and sorted; mostly Quartz
Quartz sandstone
97
25% or greater feldspar; generally poorly sorted and angular
Arkose
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Significant amount of lithic fragments (darker grains); has a salt and pepper look
Litharenite (lithic sandstone)
99
Poorly sorted, angular, gray with Quartz, lithics, and feldspar in clay matrix
Greywacke
100
Name the two types of gravel
Conglomerate and Breccia
101
Rounded gravel
Conglomerate
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Angular gravel
Breccia
103
Mostly related to transport energy
Grain size
104
The higher the energy, the ---- the grain size
Smaller
105
Mostly related to transport distance
Grain shape and mineralogy
106
Name the types of chemical sedimentary rocks
Limestones
Chert
Evaporites
Coal
107
All carbonates – mostly calcium carbonates (Calcite); can form through biological and inorganic processes
Limestones
108
Name the sand stone rocks
Arkose
Quartz
Lithic sandstone
Greywacke
109
Which sedimentary grains are visible and not visible
Visible-clay and silt
| Not visible-sand and gravel
110
Rocks composed of --- and --- are characterized by grain size, shape, and sorting
Sand; gravel
111
Rocks composed of --- and --- are characterized by roughness
Clay; silt
112
Occurs in place (preferably in warm, shallow water); must be deposited faster than clastic deposition
Carbonate formation
113
Limestone equivalent of mud; low energy carbonate formation; grains are crystals and clay sized
Micrite
114
Limestone some sediment and some pieces of organism remains
Skeletal limestone/Fossiliferous limestone
115
Lime stone composed of all fossils
Coquina
116
Composed of microscopic calcite fossils
Chalk
117
Which lime stone can be made in organically
Tavertine
118
--- are minerals that form as water --- ; mostly gypsum and salts like halite
Evaporites; Evaporates
119
Chemical rocks are characterized by
Mineralogy
120
Name the chemical rocks composed of calcite
Limestones (micrite, skeletal, fossiliferous, coquina)
| Chalk (microfossils)
121
Name the chemical rocks composed of silicon
Chert and Tavertine
122
Name the chemical rocks composed of halite
Evaporites (includes salts and gypsum)
123
Mostly plant material; defined by chemical make up
Coal
124
What makes coal
Burial pressure, heat, and time of peat/lignite
125
What are the grades of coal
Peat-->Lignite-->Anthracite
126
Sediments usually form layers called --- or ---
Beds or strata
127
Sediments are usually deposited
Horizontally
128
What are the types of bedding and sedimentary structures
Horizontal (planar) bedding
Cross-bedding
Cross lamination
129
Flat and consistent; oldest on the bottom and youngest on the top
Horizontal (planar) bedding
130
Form when wet clay dries out
Mud cracks
131
Form in rivers and beaches
Ripple marks
132
Very very fine grain Quartz; can form through biological and inorganic processes
Chert
133
Give an example of Chert and where it is usually found
Flint; deep ocean settings
134
Horizontal bedding exists in --- but not in ---
Sandstones; mud
135
Forms many different environments with moving sand
Cross bedding
136
Cross bedding is only found in --- or ---
Sand or gravel
137
Cross-bedding shows us ---- or which way is ---
Flow direction; up
138
What is flow direction
The "way up" direction or "younging" direction
139
Small scale cross-bedding that forms ripples too
Cross lamination
140
If the cross bedding makes a smiley face, the "up" is ---, if it makes us sad face "up" is ---
Up; down
141
What is a depositional environment
The environment in which a rock is deposited
142
Leave moraines (lines of sediment) of unsorted rock
Glaciers
143
Glacial out wash streams are usually a
Braided stream
144
Have outwash streams with conglomerates and cross bedded sands
Glaciers
145
Produce shales and silt and some sand
Meandering streams
146
Produce mixed conglomerates and cross-bedding sands
Braided rivers
147
What are the two lake depositional environments
Typical lakes in arid lakes
148
Low energy;
fine-grained (mud to silt);
laminated (stacked);
can be carbonate, clastic, or altering
Typical lakes
149
Evaporites; contain mud cracks
Arid lakes
150
Coal usually comes from
Swamps
151
Dunes in this deposition environment form large cross bedded sandstones that are well-rounded and well sorted
Desert
152
Form went to River hits still water
Delta
153
Rocks range from --- (----) to --- (----) as it goes offshore of the delta
Sand (coarser); clay (finer)
154
Mostly sands often with CrossBeds
Beaches
155
Skeletal limestones and corals are found in
Reefs
156
Relatively still water containing micrite, carbon rich rocks, and laminated skeletal components (shells)
Lagoon
157
The depositional environment that is rarely reached by sediment from land and where shales commonly form
Deep marine
158
Either siliceous or carbonate
Pelagic ooze
159
Siliceous Pelagic ooze is composed of
Chert
160
Carbonate Pelagic ooze is composed of
Micrite
161
Is pelagic ooze is mostly clay it is composed of
Shale
162
--- and --- might be hard to distinguish and The Rock record
Lakes and deep ocean
163
Dense, flows downhill; transports sediment from the continental shelf to the deep-sea
Submarine fan
164
What is another name for lake
Lacustrine
165
Made through partial melting of early mantle
Continents
166
Partial melting creates more --- materials
Felsic
167
Smaller continents formed during the --- and --- eras
Archean; Proterozoic
168
When did the Hadean end
4000 Ma
169
When was the Archean
4000 Ma - 2500 Ga
170
When was the Proterozoic
2500 Ma - 542 Ma
171
When was the Paleozoic
542 Ma - 251 Ma
172
When was the Mesozoic
251 Ma - 66 Ma
173
When was the Cenozoic
66 Ma - present
174
When did the Precambrian end, Phanerozoic begin
541 Ma
175
Subduction of an ocean plate under oceanic crust or continental crust creates an ---- that can be the center of a ----
Island arc; continent
176
Smashing together of continental crust can also create a
Continent
177
Accretion of multiple island arcs through subduction whether volcanic or sedimentary
Greenstone belts
178
The oldest rock is --- and it's --- years old
Acasta gneiss; 4.0 Ga
179
Banded light and dark rock
Gneiss
180
What the oldest rocks
Gneiss
181
What are the oldest sediments
Zircons
182
How old are zircons
4.4 Ga
183
The surface of the Earth cooled ---
Rapidly
184
After earth's surface cooled, ------ formed
Thin primitive crust
185
Was present at earth's surface by 4.3 Ga
Water
186
Formed initially from outgassing of molten earth
Earth's atmosphere
187
What was the composition of earths early atmosphere
```
Nitrogen
Carbon dioxide
Methane
Ammonia
NO oxygen
```
188
What is the composition of earths atmosphere today
Nitrogen
Carbon dioxide
Oxygen
189
When earth cold enough, the water vapor rained out in formed
Oceans
190
The sun was weaker in the early earth so it needed more
Greenhouse gases
191
Organic compounds including amino acids can form spontaneously
Primordial soup
192
What are the possible locations for origin of life on earth
Astroid from another planet, hydrothermal vents, or Hot Springs
193
(T/F): we have concrete evidence for how life originated on earth
False
194
The first proposed evidence of life was --- in --- around --- years old
Cyanobacteria; chert; 3.5 Ga
195
Stromatolites may be ---- years old, but are definitely ---- years old
3.5 Ga; 3.0 Ga
196
Layered cyanobacteria mounds found in the fossil records today; macroscopic evidence of life
Stromatolites
197
Earliest proposed direct evidence for life is --- years old, but the earliest undisputed evidence is around --- years old
3.5 Ga; 3.0 Ga
198
Suggest life may have existed 3.8 Ga years old
Chemical evidence (carbon isotopes)
199
Simulated lightning in earlier earths atmosphere; created organic compounds
Miller-Urey experiment
200
```
Which of these gases was not found in the early atmosphere of the year
A. Carbon Dioxide
B. Oxygen
C. Methane
D. Ammonia
```
B. Oxygen
201
Earliest form of life was ---
Prokaryotes
202
Simple single celled bacteria was no nucleus
Prokaryote
203
Single or multicellular; complex; contain a nucleus
Eukaryotes
204
--- produced oxygen which oxygenated the ---
Photosynthetic bacteria; atmosphere
205
There were two major rises in oxygen:
1st was around --- years old
2nd was around --- years old
2.4 Ga; 635 Ma
206
Banded iron formations include layers of iron minerals and
Silica
207
Oxygen begin increasing in the atmosphere around 2.4 Ga. This is closest to the ------boundary
Archean-Proterozoic
208
According to iron redox chemistry, if there's no oxygen iron appears ---- and it ----
Greenish; dissolves
209
According to iron redox chemistry if oxygen is present iron appears ---- and it is ----
Reddish; insoluble
210
Iron soluble in water
Ferrous
211
Iron insoluble in water
Ferric
212
Rise of oxygen led to our depositing in
Marine banded iron formations
213
Also begin occurring as iron is oxidized
Continental "red beds"
214
What is a stromatolites
A layered bacterial mat that is 3.5 Ga years old
215
Allows more complex life to evolve on land
Oxygen
216
Helps protect life from solar radiation
The ozone layer
217
The ozone layer could not be formed without
Oxygen
218
Caused large beds of iron to form (BIFs)
Oxygen
219
The idea that earth has probably completely frozen-over several times
Snowball Earth
220
What is the direct effect of the infrared radiation being absorbed and re-emitted by the greenhouse gas molecules
The warming of earths surface
221
Some solar radiation passes through the --- a some is reflected by the --- and ---
Clear atmosphere; atmosphere; earth's surface
222
The earths atmosphere is transparent to ----and opaque to ----
Visible light; Infared
223
What are the greenhouse gases and which is stronger
Carbon dioxide and methane; methane is stronger
224
--- with oxygen is unstable
Methane
225
Photosynthesis added --- to the atmosphere
Oxygen
226
Weakens the green house effect
Carbon dioxide
227
snowball earth conditions were created by oxygen combining with what
Methane (CH4)
228
Fossil evidence of single celled eukaryotes is --- years old
2.1 Ga
229
Fossil evidence of multicellular eukaryotes is --- years old
1.2 Ga
230
Eukaryotes are the product of the ----- of prokaryotes
Endosymbiosis
231
The first evidence of multicellular life was --- year old ----
1.2 Ga; green algae
232
First animals are around --- years old
600 Ma
233
Had no hard skeleton parts
Ediacaran fauna
234
The first animals appeared after the ---- and ----
Second rise of oxygen; second snowball earth
235
Ediacaran fauna have ---- symmetry
three-fold
236
Soft bodied preservation is rare; some may be related to modern groups
Ediacaran fauna
237
When was ediacaran fauna discovered
1950s
238
The Phanerozoic begins with the ----
Cambrian Explosion
239
Another name for north america
Laurentia
240
Mountain building events
Orogen
241
Built of a series of orogens
Laurentia
242
Old (usually Archean) continental core
Craton
243
An exposed craton
Shield
244
Last pre-Cambrian orogeny and Laurentia
Grenville Orogeny
245
1.3 - 1.0 Ga years old; probable closing of large ocean and development of Rodinia
Grenville Orogeny
246
A failed rift; igneous intrusions (dikes and sills); clastic sediment deposition
Mid continent Rift
247
Review of Timing: from oldest to youngest
Oldest known sediment > Oldest known rock > 1st chemical evidence of life (disputed) > 1st disputed fossils > 1st undisputed fossils > 1st rise of O2, snowball earth > Single celled eukaryotes > Multicellular eukaryotes > Ediacaran Fauna
248
What would cause allopatric speciation in fish
Lake levels lowering so that they become two separate lakes
249
Organisms want to evolve to ----
Survive
250
Lamarckian evolution is
False
251
Certain environments favor certain adaptations
Convergent evolution
252
Related organisms have relatively similar skeletal structure and use similar underlying forms to build different structures
Homology
253
Implies a common ancestor
Homologous structure
254
Forms due to convergent evolution
Analogous structure
255
Give an example of a homologous structure
Bird wings and bat wings
256
Give an example of an analogous structure
Bat wings and butterfly wings
257
Remnants of old structures no longer used (or a little used)
Vestigial organs
258
Given example of a vestigial organ
The appendix
259
Organs not in use are a ---- and use ----
Risk; too much energy
260
Most speciation is allopatric and controlled by geography
Biogeography
261
Organisms from interesting evolutionary intervals are often called
Transitional fossils
262
Good fossil records exist for most
Transitions
263
Grouping organisms based on shared ancestry
Cladistics
264
All life on earth shares a
Common ancestor
265
All life has the same ---- for the same ---- in all organisms
DNA codes; proteins
266
--- is not random, --- are
Evolution; mutations
267
(T/F): Evolution has no goals or push to complexity
False
268
(T/F): Evolution is not a predictive science
True
269
In the 1700s in earlier most people believed in ---- and did not accept ----
Fixity of species; extinction
270
---- of evolution was missing
Mechanism
271
Removal of water and other components, leaving behind just carbon and impression
Carbonization
272
Darwins first stop in Saint Jago was at a --- in ----
Reef in cliff face
273
The reef was sandwiched between ---- and similar to ----; the ---- was clearly old and could not be caused by a ----
Volcanic layers; living reefs; volcano; catastrophic event
274
After seeing the reef in the cliff face, Darwin accepted
Uniformitarianism
275
Convergent evolution produces
Analogous structures
276
Name some transitions in the fossil record
First terrestrial vertebrates from fish
Birds from dinosaurs
Whales from terrestrial animals
