exam 2 Flashcards
(129 cards)
1
Q
pathogenic microorganisms
A
bacteria rickettsiae mycoplamsa viruses fungi
2
Q
classificstion of bacteria
A
shape and arrangemneg
gram stain
biochemical and growth
antigenic structure
3
Q
coccus
A
spherical
pairs
kidney bean shaped
4
Q
bacillus
A
rod shaped
comma shaped
5
Q
spriochete
A
spiral
tightly coiled
6
Q
gram stain
A
postive or negative
based on chemical and physical properites of cell walls
7
Q
gram postive
A
stains purple
8
Q
gram negativr
A
stains red
9
Q
obligate
A
needs oxygen
10
Q
facultative
A
prefers oxygen
11
Q
fastidious organisms
A
only be grown on enrimched media under careful conditions
12
Q
hardy organisms
A
grown in simple media
13
Q
aerobic organisms
A
bacteria grow best in prescence of oxygen
14
Q
anaerobic organisms
A
bacteria grows best without oxygen
15
Q
flagella
A
hair like processes
mobility
16
Q
spores
A
dormant
extremely resistant bacterial modification
germinate and give rise to actively growing bacteria
17
Q
where can staphylococcus be found
A
nasal cavity
skin
not pathogenic
opportunistic
produce toxins
18
Q
staphylococci infections
A
skin infection sepsis endocarditis arthritis pneumonia abscess
19
Q
where can streptococci be found
A
skin mouth pharynx gut female genital tract
opportunisitc
20
Q
alpha hemolysis
A
incomplete lysis of red cells
not pathogenic
21
Q
beta hemolysis
A
complete lysis of red cells
extremely pathogenic
22
Q
antibiotics
A
destroy bactera or inhibit their growth
23
Q
bacteria cel structure
A
genetic material produce proteins enzymes semipermeable cel membrane rigid cell wall
24
Q
plasmids
A
smaller DNA molecules
anitbiotic resitance
toxin production
25
how do antibiotics work
interefer with structure pr funktion of cell
inhibit cell wall synthesis
inhibit cell membrane funktion
inhibit metabolic funktions
competiive inhibition
26
competivie inhibition
antibiotic resembes bacterial nutrients amd bacteria does not kneo
27
antibiotic resistance factors
```
over prescribing
inaappropriate prescribing
overuse as feed supplement for animals
improper use
spread strains worldwide
```
28
rickettsiae
obligate intracellulse parasite
insect to human via bite
repsonds to some antibioticd
causes damage to skin
ROCKY MOUNTAIN SPOTTED FEVER
29
mycoplasma
smallest, wall less, free living bacteria
penicillin is not affectivr
pneumonia
30
virus
smallest infectious agent
have DNA or RNA in a capsid
lipid envelope
attaches to crlls
31
viruses dont have
nucleis
ribosomes
mitochondria
lyses
rely on host cell
hijacks the cell
32
classificstion of virsuses
nucleic acid structure
size
structural configurstion
biological characterisitcs
33
tissues infected wtih virus contain
inclusion bodies
34
defense against viruses
form interferon
| antiviral antibiotics
35
fungi
plantlike without chlorophyll
yeasts and molds
obligate aerobes
oppourtnisitc
36
yeasts
small
| reproduce via budding
37
molds
large colonies called hyphae
38
animal parasites
protozoa
metazoa
arthopods
39
protozoa infections
malaria- plasmodium
40
metazoa infections
roundworms
tapeworms
flukes
41
types of roundworms
ascaris
pinworms
trichinella
42
arthopod infections
scabies
crab louse
head lice
43
communicable disease
person to person
44
endemic
small number affected
45
epidemic
large number affected
46
direct transmission
physical contact
| droplet spread- sneeze/cough
47
indirect transmission
contaminated food ornwater
| insects
48
methods to contrill communicable diseases
eradicate or control disease
identify
isolate
treatment
49
control contaminated food or water
chlorination of water supplies
effective sewage
standards and laws
50
requirements for effective control
cause of disease
| methods of transmission
51
four major stds
syphilis
gonorrhea
herpes
hiv/aids
52
syphilis
chancre
genital area
highly infectious even when healed
53
steps pf syphilis
primary: chancre
secondsry: systemic
tertiary: destructive lesions
54
tests for syphilis
microscopic exam
fluid from chancre
serologic tests
55
congenitial syphilis
mother to child
| can cause death of fetus
56
gonorrhea
```
infects mucosal surfsces
pain on urination
discharge
sterility
can enter bloodstream
```
57
test for gonorrhea
culture
| treat with antibiotics
58
herpes
simplex virus
two types
shallow ulcers
enlarged lymph nodes
59
type 1 herpes
imfects oral mucous membrane
60
type 2 herpes
infects genital tract
61
vesicle
small painful blisters
| erupt and form ulcers
62
tests for herpes
viral cultures
serologic test
antivrial drugs
63
chlamydia
most common std
similar to gonorrhea
sterility
64
tests for chlamydia
chlymdial antigens
microscopy
cultures
treat with antibiotics
65
hiv/aids
cripples immune system
| attacks and destroys t lymphocytes
66
hiv and its target
CD4 protein on helper t lymphocytes
has RNA retrovirus
67
viral replication
virus binds to cell, fuses with membrance, enters cell
makes DNA copy of RNA
DNA inserted in cells DNA
direct synthesis
68
virus attacks and kills
helper t cells
| monocytes
69
is there a latent or dormant phase for virus infections
NO
70
early stage of hiv
asymptomatic
| mild febrile illness
71
late stage of hiv
```
enlarged lymph nodes
non specific sympts
fever
weak
weight loss
aids
```
72
pneumocystis carnii pneumonia
parasitic infection
| rapidly progressive tb
73
kposis sarcome
malignant tumor in aids
| cancer of oral cavity, rectum, uterine cervix
74
hiv transmission
sexual contact
blood and body fluids
mother to infant
75
cure for aids
no
76
congenital disease
abnormality present at birth
77
hereditary or genetic disease
chromosome abnormality
| defective gene
78
genome
total of all genes
79
pairs of autosomes
22
80
karyotype
representation of persons chromomsomal makeup
81
mitosis
cell divions of somatic cells
82
four facotrs of congenital malformations
chromosomal abnormalities
abnormlaity of individual genes
intrauterine injury
environmental facotrs
83
nondisjunction
failure of homogous chromomes to separate
84
monsomy
abscence of a chromosome
85
trisomy
extra chromosome
86
deletions
chromosome breaks and lost
87
translocations
misplaces chromosome amd attaches to another
88
turners syndrome
abscense of X in females
89
klinefelters syndrome
extra X in males
90
austosomal abnormality
abscence of autosome- loss of genes
deletion- congenital abnormalities
91
trisomy 21
down syndrome
| nondisjunction during oogensis
92
intrauterine inury
harmful drugs and chemicals
radiation
maternal imfectiond
93
examination of fetal cells
chromosomal abnormalities
biochemical abnormalities
anaylsis of dna
94
types of fetal dna analysis
amniocentesis
| chorionic villus sampling
95
amniocentesis
alpha feto protein
study amniotic fluid
14-18 week
chromosomal abnormality
96
chorionic villus sampling
frond like strucutrs that for part of placenta amd attach to lining of uterus
97
advataged of chorionic villis
performed earlier
less risk of abortion
but
more difficult
limb deformities
98
cancer
any type of malignant growth
| unrestrained growth and spread
99
benign
slow
expansion
localized
well differentiated (normal)
100
malignant
rapid
infilteration
metasisized
poorly differentiated
101
malignant tumors do 3 things
infilterate adjacent tissues
invade lymphatic channles amd blood vessels
spread throughout body
102
sarcoma
arising from connective tissues such as fat, bone, cartilahe, muscles
less common
spreads rapidly
little differentiation
bloodstream
103
leukemia
neoplasm of blood cells
no tumors
diffuses within bone marrow
104
lymphoma
neoplasm of lymphod tissue
| malignant
105
types of lymphoma
hodgkins
| non hodgkins
106
low grade lymphoma
favorable prognosis
107
intermediate grade lymphoma
do not do wellt
108
high grade lymphoma
poor
109
hodgkins disease
large cells called reed sternberg cells mixed with lymphocytes, plasma cella, eosinophilrs, fribrous tissue
110
non hodgkin lymphoma
no reed sternberg cells
| all other types of lymphoma
111
teratoma
have bone, msucle, glands, ET, brain tissue, hair, teeth
112
leukemia
neoplasm lf hematopoetic tissue
diffuselyninfilterate the bone marrow and lymphoid tissues eventually blood
overproduction of wbc
113
classificstion of leuekemia
cell type
| maturity
114
anemia
inadequate red cell production
115
clinical featurss of leukemia
impairment of bone marrow funktion
crowd out normal cells
infilteration of organs
116
multiple myeloma
neoplasm of plasma cells confined to bone marrow
bone has honey comb pattern
spontaneous fractures
117
non infilteration (in situ) carcinoma
surface of ET
localized
cervix
colom
118
leukoplakia
thick whte patches in mucous membrane of mouth due to tobacco use
119
etiologic factors of neoplastic diseasew
viruses
gene and chromsomal abnormalities
failure of immunologic defenses
heredity
120
three groups of genes that play role in regulating cell funktions
proto oncogenes
tumor suppressor genes
dna repair genes
121
proto oncogenes
growth genes
| becomes oncogenes if mutated
122
oncogene
abnormally functioning gene that stimulates excessive cell growth
123
tumor suppressor gene
suppresses cel proliferation
| loss of funktion leads to cell growth
124
dna repair genes
regulate processes that monitor amd repair errors in dna duplication
125
diagnosis of tumors
recognize early
complete medical hisotry
physical exam
lab tests
126
treatment of tumors
```
surgrey
radiotherapy
hormones
anticancer drugs
adjuvemt therapy
immunotherapy
```
often a combo
127
chemotherapy
eliminates cells that divide frequently
128
side affects of chemo
```
anemia
constipation
depression
diarrhea
fatigue
hair loss
infection
anorexia
mouth sores
nausea and vomitting
sexual problems
```
129
best way to get good turn out with cancerw
early diagnosis amd treatment
