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human disease > exam 5 > Flashcards

exam 5 Flashcards

1
Q

breasts are modified

A

sweat glands

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2
Q

types of tissues in breasts

A

glandular

stromal

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3
Q

suspensory ligament of breasts

A

bands of fibrous tissues extending from skin of breats to CT of chest wall

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4
Q

breasts has abundant

A

blood supply and lymphatic drainage

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5
Q

puberty of breasts

A

response to estrogen and progesterone

respond to hormonal stimulation

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6
Q

breasts examination

A

mammogram-identify lesions

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7
Q

benign cystic change in breast

A

very common
called fibrocystic disease
proliferation of glandular and fibrous tissue
irregualr cyclic response to hormones

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8
Q

fibroadenoma

A

benign
young women
tumor of fibrous and glandular tissue

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9
Q

breast carcinoma risk factors

A 
family history
hormones
birth of first child after 30
early menarche
late menopause
rare in men
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10
Q

breast cancer causes

A

estrogen-progestin use increase risk of cancer

just estrogen slight increase in risk of cancer

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11
Q

mutant BRCA1 gene

A

increase breast and ovarian cancer (80%)

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12
Q

mutant BRCA2 gene

A

breast cancer risk of 80%

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13
Q

classification of breast cancer

A

site of orgin
presence or absence of invasion
degree of differentiation

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14
Q

evolution of breast cancer

A

mammogram identify 2 years before exam
cancers may become invasive
metastizes to lymph nodes
early diagnoses

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15
Q

breast cancer treatment

A

radical masectomy-total masectomy with lymph nodes
partial masectomy-remove parts
lumpectomy-removes tumor

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16
Q

cervicitis

A

mild chronic inflammation of cervix

caused by std

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17
Q

salpingitis

A

tubal infection

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18
Q

pelvic inflammatory disease

A

inflammation of fallopian tubes and ovaries
lower ab pain
increase leukocytes
tubal scarring

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19
Q

condylomas

A

venereal warts in genital tract

benign tumer like overgrowths

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20
Q

endometriosis

A

deposits of endometrial tissues outside normal location
remove via laparascopy
synthetic hormones to compress menstrul cycle

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21
Q

cervical polyps

A

benign arise from cervix

erosion of tip may cause bleeding

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22
Q

cervical dysplasia

A

abnormal growth and maturation of cervical epitherlium

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23
Q

mild dysplasia of cervix

A

cervical inflammation

regresses randomly

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24
Q

secere dysplasia of cervix

A

does not regress

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25
Q

cervical intraepitherlial neoplasia

A

different stages of abnormalities
some HPV cause this-common
resolve randomly
pap smear shows abnormal cells

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26
Q

benign endometrial hyperplasia

A

excessive growth

irregular uterine bleeding

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27
Q

benign endometrial polyps

A

may bleed if tip is eroded

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28
Q

uterine myomas

A

benign smooth muscle tumors from uterine wall

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29
Q

dysfunktional uterine bleeding

A

follicle fails to mature and no ovulation

disturbances of hormones

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30
Q

normal uterine cycle

A

first half- endometrial glands and stroma proliferate under estrogen
midcycle- ovulation
no preggo- corpus luteum sheds and hormone levels fall

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31
Q

primary dysmenorrhea

A

most common

prostaglandins sysnthesize under influence of progesterone during secertory phase-contractions-pain

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32
Q

ovarian cysts

A

arise from ovarian follicle that fail to regress normally

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33
Q

funktional cysts

A

follicle and corpus luteum cysts deranged maturation and involution regress randomly

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34
Q

endometrial cysts

A

deposits in ovary fill with old blood and debris

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35
Q

benign cystic teratoma

A

arise from unfertilizes ova that undergo neoplastic change

contains teeth, hair, bone, etc

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36
Q

serous tumor

A

resembles cells lining fallopian tubes

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37
Q

mucinous tumor

A

resemblwa mucus secreting tumor of endocervix

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38
Q

endometeroid tumor

A

resembles endometrial tissue

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39
Q

fibroma

A

from fibrous CT cells of ovary

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40
Q

toxic shock syndrome

A

caused by toxin produced by normal flora in reproductive tract

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41
Q

contraception

A 
natural family planning
artifical contraception
barries methods
oral contraceptives
IUDs
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42
Q

kidneys produce

A

urine by filtering blood

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43
Q

ureter

A

takes urine from kidney to bladder

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44
Q

bladder

A

stores urine

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45
Q

urethra

A

takes urine outside of body

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46
Q

3 basic funktions of kidney

A

excrete wastes of food metabolism
regulate mineral and water balance
produce erythropoietin and renin: hormones

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47
Q

funktional unit of kidney

A

nephron

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48
Q

glomerulus

A

bundle of capillaries

surrounded by capsule

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49
Q

mesangial cells

A

contractile phagocytic cells that hold capillaries together

regulate diameter of capillaries-filteration rate

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50
Q

renal tubule

A

reabsorbs most of filtrate
secrete unwanted gluid to tubular fluid
PCT and DCT

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51
Q

requirements for normal renal funktion

A

free flow of blood through capillaries
normally funktioning glomerular filter
normal outflow of urine

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52
Q

renin

A

released in response to decreased blood volume and low BP, low sodium

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53
Q

angiotensin 2

A

powerful vasoconstrictor- raise BP
stimulates aldosterone secretion
self regulating

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54
Q

renal agenesis

A

failure of one or both kidneys to develop

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55
Q

glomerulonephritis

A

inflammation of glomeruli caused by antigen-antibody reaction
usually follows strep infection
autoantibodies attack basement membrane

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56
Q

nephrotic syndrome

A

marked loss of proteins in urine-edema low plasma osmotic pressure

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57
Q

arteriolar nephrosclerosis

A

complication of severe hypertension

renal arterioles undergo thickening-high pressure

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58
Q

gout nephropathy

A

elevated blood uric acid levels

urate may enter henle loops

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59
Q

UTI

A

gram negative bacteria

contaminate perianal and genital areas and ascend urethra

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60
Q

how to prevent UTI

A

free urine flow
large urine volume
complete bladder emptying
acid urine

61
Q

causes of UTI

A

anything that impairs free drainage
stagnation of urine
injury from kidney stone

62
Q

cystitis

A

affects only the bladder
common in women
burning pain on urination
frequent peeing

63
Q

pyelonephritis

A

upper urinary tract
ascednign infection from bladder
carried to kidneys from bloodstream

64
Q

urinary calculi

A

stones in urinary tract
high concentration of salts in urine
reduce solubulity of salts

65
Q

staghorn calculus

A

urinary stones increase in size to from large branching structures

66
Q

treatments for urinary stones

A

cystoscopy

shockwave lithotripsy

67
Q

urinary obstruction

A

blockage of urine outflow leads to progressive dilation of tract
dilation of ureter

68
Q

renal tubular injury

A

impaired renal blood flow

tubular necrosis caused by toxic drugs or chemicals

69
Q

renal cysts

A

solitary cysts common

autosomal dominant

70
Q

first manifestation of renal tumors

A

hematuria

71
Q

renal failure

A

retention of excessive byproducts of protein metabolism in blood

72
Q

acute renal failure

A

tubular necrosis from impaired blood flow to kidneys

funktion will return

73
Q

chronic renal failure

A

anemia
toxic buildup
edema
hypertension

74
Q

hemodialysis

A

substitutes fro funktions of kidneys by removing waste

75
Q

prostate

A

spherical glands that surrounds urethra

secrete alkaline fluid into urethra

76
Q

inner group of prostate glands

A

surround urethra as it passes

may arise benign hyperplasia

77
Q

outer or main group of prostate glands

A

bulk of prostatic glandular tissue

may arise prostate cancer

78
Q

benign prostatic hyperplasia

A

moderate enlargement of prostate gland
inner group of glands
obstructs outflow of urine

79
Q

prostatitis

A

acute inflammation of prostate

80
Q

prostate cancer

A

outer group of glands
metastasizes to bones of spine and pelvis
increase in PSA

81
Q

cryptorchidism

A

testis do not descend into scrotum

must surgically bring down

82
Q

testicular torsion

A

abnormal attachment of testis in scrotum
twisting of testis and spermatic cord
may lead to hemorrhagic infarction

83
Q

hydrocele

A

excess fluid accumualates

84
Q

varicocele

A

varicose veins in spermatic cord

85
Q

causes of erectile dysfunktion

A 
low testosterone
damage to nerves
impaired blood supply
anti-hypertensive drugs
stress
86
Q

penile erection

A

arteries dilate to deliever large volume of blood
compress draining veins
parasympathetic- nitric oxide cause relax smooth muscle

87
Q

funktions of liver

A

metabolism
synthesis
storage
detoxification

88
Q

portal vein

A

delievered nutrient rich, oxygen poor blood

89
Q

hepatic artery

A

supplies liver with oxygenated blood

90
Q

bile

A 
from breakdown of RBC
water and bile salts (emuslify fats)
lecithin
cholesterol
minerals
91
Q

types of liver injury

A

cell necrosis
fatty change
both

92
Q

hepatitis A

A 
RNA containing virus
transmitted via fecal contamination/person to person or food and water
self limited
no chronic liver disease
vaccine
93
Q

hepatitis B

A 
DNA containing virus
transmitted via blood or body fluids
antigen-antibody tests
few become carries or develop chronic liver disease
vaccine
94
Q

hepatitis C

A 
RNA virus
transmitted via blood and body fluids
no immunization
no prevention after exposure
most are carries and develop chronic liver disease
95
Q

hepatitis D

A

small defective RNA virus

only infects those with HBV

96
Q

hepatitis E

A

RNA containing virus
transmitted via oral-fecal or contaminated water
no prevention after exposure
no vaccines

97
Q

fatty liver

A

fat accumulates secondary to injury
common in heavy drinkers
injury still reversible

98
Q

alcoholic liver disease

A

group of structural and funktional changes in liver from excessive alcohol
3 stages- fatty, hepatitis, cirrohosis

99
Q

cirrhosis

A

diffuse scarring of liver from abnormal liver funktion and regeneration
possible esophageal varics = hemorrhage

100
Q

primary biliary cirrhosis

A

autoimmune disease attacking small bile ducts

requires liver transplant

101
Q

secondary biliary cirrhosis

A

obstruction of large bile ducts

gallstone, cancer

102
Q

gallstones

A 
stones in gallbladder
higher in women
influenced by solublity of cholesterol in bile
cause jaundice
must remove gallbladder
103
Q

cholecystitis

A

inflammation of gallbladder

104
Q

reyes syndrome

A

combined effect of viral illness and use of aspirin
liver and brain damage
infants and kids

105
Q

primary liver cancer

A

uncommon in US

high in HBV carries

106
Q

metastic liver cancer

A

spread from primary sites other than liver

107
Q

jaundice

A

yellow discoloration of skin and slcera from accumulation of bile in body fluds

108
Q

liver biopsy

A

determine cause and extent

109
Q

pancreas exocrine funktion

A

digestion

secretes pancreatic juices itno duodenum

110
Q

acute pancreatitis

A 
escape of pancreatic juice from ducts into tissue
cause destruction and hemorrhage
buidlup of juices may rupture
from gallstones or alcohol
high mortality
111
Q

chronic pancreatitis

A

repeat episodes of inflammation

may lead to diabetes

112
Q

cystic fibrosis

A 
autosomal recessive trait
infants and kids
50% die before 32
defective transport of chloride
mucus thickens causing plugs in pancreatic and bile ducts and bronchi
113
Q

funktion of GI tract

A

digestion and absorption into bloodstream

114
Q

cleft lip and palate

A

2 masses of tissues that fuse to separate nose and mouth

surgical correction

115
Q

esophagus

A

pharynx to stomach with sphincters

116
Q

upper esophageal sphincter

A

skeletal muscle

117
Q

lower esophageal sphincter

A

smooth muscle

118
Q

dysphagia

A

difficulty swallowing

choking and coughing

119
Q

disturbances of lower esophageal sphincter

A

spasm- fails to open properly

incompetent- remains open

120
Q

causes of esophageal obtruction

A

tumors narrows lumen
food impaction
scar tissue due to necrosis and inflammation

121
Q

gastristis

A

inflammation of stomach

122
Q

acute gastritis

A

self limited
ulceration or bleeding
alcohol

123
Q

H pylori gastritis

A

bacteria that colonize in stomach

may lead to ulcers

124
Q

peptic ulcer

A

digestion of mucosa due to increase acid secretions and enzymes
hemorrhage, perforation, obstruction
treat with antacids

125
Q

stomach cancer

A

anemia

abdominal pain

126
Q

enteritis

A

inflammation of intestines

127
Q

crohns disease

A

chronic inflammation and ulceration of mucosa with thickening and scarring of bowel wall
surgical ressection

128
Q

ulcerative colitis

A

inflammation of mucosa
bowel wall NOT thickend
bloody diarrhea
treat with corticosteroids

129
Q

antibiotic associated colities

A

broad spectrum anitbiotics destroy normal flora
produce toxins = necrosis
diarrhea= stool culture
drugs that decrease molity

130
Q

appendicitis

A

most common inflammatory lesion of bowl
plugged with fecal matter
inflammation

131
Q

merkels diverticulum

A

outpouching of distal intestine

132
Q

diverticulosis

A

outpouching of colonic mucosa in large intestine

133
Q

diverticulitis

A

inflammtion of diverticulum trapped with fecal matter

bleeding

134
Q

lactose intolerance

A

unable to digest lactose into glucose and galactose due to lactase deficiency
fermented by bacteria in colon

135
Q

IBS

A

diarrhea and constipation
excessive mucus secretion
emotional tension
increase molitiy

136
Q

anorexia nervosa

A

false perception of being fat
food intake restricted to lose weight
vomitting and laxatives

137
Q

bulimea nervosa

A

binge and purge
gastric mucosa tears from vomitting
dental problems

138
Q

high intestinal obstruction

A

severe cramps from peristalsis

vomit=loss of water

139
Q

low intestinal obstruction

A

mild cramps

140
Q

adhesions

A

adhesvie bands of CT

loops of bowel become kinked, compressed, twisted

141
Q

hernia

A

protrusion of loop of bowel into opening of abdominal wal

142
Q

inguinal hernia

A

males

bowel moves through inguinal ring into scrotum

143
Q

umbilical hernia

A

bowl enter umbilicus

144
Q

femoral hernia

A

bowel enters femoral vessels of groin

145
Q

strangulated hernia

A

bowel tightly constricted obstructing blood supply

146
Q

volvulus

A

rotary twisting bowel impairing blood supply

147
Q

intussusception

A

telescoping bowl into other segemtns

148
Q

symtopms of intestinakl cancer

A

weakenss and fatigue

human disease (5 decks)

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