exam 5 Flashcards
(148 cards)
1
Q
breasts are modified
A
sweat glands
2
Q
types of tissues in breasts
A
glandular
stromal
3
Q
suspensory ligament of breasts
A
bands of fibrous tissues extending from skin of breats to CT of chest wall
4
Q
breasts has abundant
A
blood supply and lymphatic drainage
5
Q
puberty of breasts
A
response to estrogen and progesterone
respond to hormonal stimulation
6
Q
breasts examination
A
mammogram-identify lesions
7
Q
benign cystic change in breast
A
very common
called fibrocystic disease
proliferation of glandular and fibrous tissue
irregualr cyclic response to hormones
8
Q
fibroadenoma
A
benign
young women
tumor of fibrous and glandular tissue
9
Q
breast carcinoma risk factors
A
family history hormones birth of first child after 30 early menarche late menopause rare in men
10
Q
breast cancer causes
A
estrogen-progestin use increase risk of cancer
just estrogen slight increase in risk of cancer
11
Q
mutant BRCA1 gene
A
increase breast and ovarian cancer (80%)
12
Q
mutant BRCA2 gene
A
breast cancer risk of 80%
13
Q
classification of breast cancer
A
site of orgin
presence or absence of invasion
degree of differentiation
14
Q
evolution of breast cancer
A
mammogram identify 2 years before exam
cancers may become invasive
metastizes to lymph nodes
early diagnoses
15
Q
breast cancer treatment
A
radical masectomy-total masectomy with lymph nodes
partial masectomy-remove parts
lumpectomy-removes tumor
16
Q
cervicitis
A
mild chronic inflammation of cervix
caused by std
17
Q
salpingitis
A
tubal infection
18
Q
pelvic inflammatory disease
A
inflammation of fallopian tubes and ovaries
lower ab pain
increase leukocytes
tubal scarring
19
Q
condylomas
A
venereal warts in genital tract
benign tumer like overgrowths
20
Q
endometriosis
A
deposits of endometrial tissues outside normal location
remove via laparascopy
synthetic hormones to compress menstrul cycle
21
Q
cervical polyps
A
benign arise from cervix
erosion of tip may cause bleeding
22
Q
cervical dysplasia
A
abnormal growth and maturation of cervical epitherlium
23
Q
mild dysplasia of cervix
A
cervical inflammation
regresses randomly
24
Q
secere dysplasia of cervix
A
does not regress
25
cervical intraepitherlial neoplasia
different stages of abnormalities
some HPV cause this-common
resolve randomly
pap smear shows abnormal cells
26
benign endometrial hyperplasia
excessive growth
| irregular uterine bleeding
27
benign endometrial polyps
may bleed if tip is eroded
28
uterine myomas
benign smooth muscle tumors from uterine wall
29
dysfunktional uterine bleeding
follicle fails to mature and no ovulation
| disturbances of hormones
30
normal uterine cycle
first half- endometrial glands and stroma proliferate under estrogen
midcycle- ovulation
no preggo- corpus luteum sheds and hormone levels fall
31
primary dysmenorrhea
most common
| prostaglandins sysnthesize under influence of progesterone during secertory phase-contractions-pain
32
ovarian cysts
arise from ovarian follicle that fail to regress normally
33
funktional cysts
follicle and corpus luteum cysts deranged maturation and involution regress randomly
34
endometrial cysts
deposits in ovary fill with old blood and debris
35
benign cystic teratoma
arise from unfertilizes ova that undergo neoplastic change
| contains teeth, hair, bone, etc
36
serous tumor
resembles cells lining fallopian tubes
37
mucinous tumor
resemblwa mucus secreting tumor of endocervix
38
endometeroid tumor
resembles endometrial tissue
39
fibroma
from fibrous CT cells of ovary
40
toxic shock syndrome
caused by toxin produced by normal flora in reproductive tract
41
contraception
```
natural family planning
artifical contraception
barries methods
oral contraceptives
IUDs
```
42
kidneys produce
urine by filtering blood
43
ureter
takes urine from kidney to bladder
44
bladder
stores urine
45
urethra
takes urine outside of body
46
3 basic funktions of kidney
excrete wastes of food metabolism
regulate mineral and water balance
produce erythropoietin and renin: hormones
47
funktional unit of kidney
nephron
48
glomerulus
bundle of capillaries
| surrounded by capsule
49
mesangial cells
contractile phagocytic cells that hold capillaries together
| regulate diameter of capillaries-filteration rate
50
renal tubule
reabsorbs most of filtrate
secrete unwanted gluid to tubular fluid
PCT and DCT
51
requirements for normal renal funktion
free flow of blood through capillaries
normally funktioning glomerular filter
normal outflow of urine
52
renin
released in response to decreased blood volume and low BP, low sodium
53
angiotensin 2
powerful vasoconstrictor- raise BP
stimulates aldosterone secretion
self regulating
54
renal agenesis
failure of one or both kidneys to develop
55
glomerulonephritis
inflammation of glomeruli caused by antigen-antibody reaction
usually follows strep infection
autoantibodies attack basement membrane
56
nephrotic syndrome
marked loss of proteins in urine-edema low plasma osmotic pressure
57
arteriolar nephrosclerosis
complication of severe hypertension
| renal arterioles undergo thickening-high pressure
58
gout nephropathy
elevated blood uric acid levels
| urate may enter henle loops
59
UTI
gram negative bacteria
| contaminate perianal and genital areas and ascend urethra
60
how to prevent UTI
free urine flow
large urine volume
complete bladder emptying
acid urine
61
causes of UTI
anything that impairs free drainage
stagnation of urine
injury from kidney stone
62
cystitis
affects only the bladder
common in women
burning pain on urination
frequent peeing
63
pyelonephritis
upper urinary tract
ascednign infection from bladder
carried to kidneys from bloodstream
64
urinary calculi
stones in urinary tract
high concentration of salts in urine
reduce solubulity of salts
65
staghorn calculus
urinary stones increase in size to from large branching structures
66
treatments for urinary stones
cystoscopy
| shockwave lithotripsy
67
urinary obstruction
blockage of urine outflow leads to progressive dilation of tract
dilation of ureter
68
renal tubular injury
impaired renal blood flow
| tubular necrosis caused by toxic drugs or chemicals
69
renal cysts
solitary cysts common
| autosomal dominant
70
first manifestation of renal tumors
hematuria
71
renal failure
retention of excessive byproducts of protein metabolism in blood
72
acute renal failure
tubular necrosis from impaired blood flow to kidneys
| funktion will return
73
chronic renal failure
anemia
toxic buildup
edema
hypertension
74
hemodialysis
substitutes fro funktions of kidneys by removing waste
75
prostate
spherical glands that surrounds urethra
| secrete alkaline fluid into urethra
76
inner group of prostate glands
surround urethra as it passes
| may arise benign hyperplasia
77
outer or main group of prostate glands
bulk of prostatic glandular tissue
| may arise prostate cancer
78
benign prostatic hyperplasia
moderate enlargement of prostate gland
inner group of glands
obstructs outflow of urine
79
prostatitis
acute inflammation of prostate
80
prostate cancer
outer group of glands
metastasizes to bones of spine and pelvis
increase in PSA
81
cryptorchidism
testis do not descend into scrotum
| must surgically bring down
82
testicular torsion
abnormal attachment of testis in scrotum
twisting of testis and spermatic cord
may lead to hemorrhagic infarction
83
hydrocele
excess fluid accumualates
84
varicocele
varicose veins in spermatic cord
85
causes of erectile dysfunktion
```
low testosterone
damage to nerves
impaired blood supply
anti-hypertensive drugs
stress
```
86
penile erection
arteries dilate to deliever large volume of blood
compress draining veins
parasympathetic- nitric oxide cause relax smooth muscle
87
funktions of liver
metabolism
synthesis
storage
detoxification
88
portal vein
delievered nutrient rich, oxygen poor blood
89
hepatic artery
supplies liver with oxygenated blood
90
bile
```
from breakdown of RBC
water and bile salts (emuslify fats)
lecithin
cholesterol
minerals
```
91
types of liver injury
cell necrosis
fatty change
both
92
hepatitis A
```
RNA containing virus
transmitted via fecal contamination/person to person or food and water
self limited
no chronic liver disease
vaccine
```
93
hepatitis B
```
DNA containing virus
transmitted via blood or body fluids
antigen-antibody tests
few become carries or develop chronic liver disease
vaccine
```
94
hepatitis C
```
RNA virus
transmitted via blood and body fluids
no immunization
no prevention after exposure
most are carries and develop chronic liver disease
```
95
hepatitis D
small defective RNA virus
| only infects those with HBV
96
hepatitis E
RNA containing virus
transmitted via oral-fecal or contaminated water
no prevention after exposure
no vaccines
97
fatty liver
fat accumulates secondary to injury
common in heavy drinkers
injury still reversible
98
alcoholic liver disease
group of structural and funktional changes in liver from excessive alcohol
3 stages- fatty, hepatitis, cirrohosis
99
cirrhosis
diffuse scarring of liver from abnormal liver funktion and regeneration
possible esophageal varics = hemorrhage
100
primary biliary cirrhosis
autoimmune disease attacking small bile ducts
| requires liver transplant
101
secondary biliary cirrhosis
obstruction of large bile ducts
| gallstone, cancer
102
gallstones
```
stones in gallbladder
higher in women
influenced by solublity of cholesterol in bile
cause jaundice
must remove gallbladder
```
103
cholecystitis
inflammation of gallbladder
104
reyes syndrome
combined effect of viral illness and use of aspirin
liver and brain damage
infants and kids
105
primary liver cancer
uncommon in US
| high in HBV carries
106
metastic liver cancer
spread from primary sites other than liver
107
jaundice
yellow discoloration of skin and slcera from accumulation of bile in body fluds
108
liver biopsy
determine cause and extent
109
pancreas exocrine funktion
digestion
| secretes pancreatic juices itno duodenum
110
acute pancreatitis
```
escape of pancreatic juice from ducts into tissue
cause destruction and hemorrhage
buidlup of juices may rupture
from gallstones or alcohol
high mortality
```
111
chronic pancreatitis
repeat episodes of inflammation
| may lead to diabetes
112
cystic fibrosis
```
autosomal recessive trait
infants and kids
50% die before 32
defective transport of chloride
mucus thickens causing plugs in pancreatic and bile ducts and bronchi
```
113
funktion of GI tract
digestion and absorption into bloodstream
114
cleft lip and palate
2 masses of tissues that fuse to separate nose and mouth
| surgical correction
115
esophagus
pharynx to stomach with sphincters
116
upper esophageal sphincter
skeletal muscle
117
lower esophageal sphincter
smooth muscle
118
dysphagia
difficulty swallowing
| choking and coughing
119
disturbances of lower esophageal sphincter
spasm- fails to open properly
| incompetent- remains open
120
causes of esophageal obtruction
tumors narrows lumen
food impaction
scar tissue due to necrosis and inflammation
121
gastristis
inflammation of stomach
122
acute gastritis
self limited
ulceration or bleeding
alcohol
123
H pylori gastritis
bacteria that colonize in stomach
| may lead to ulcers
124
peptic ulcer
digestion of mucosa due to increase acid secretions and enzymes
hemorrhage, perforation, obstruction
treat with antacids
125
stomach cancer
anemia
| abdominal pain
126
enteritis
inflammation of intestines
127
crohns disease
chronic inflammation and ulceration of mucosa with thickening and scarring of bowel wall
surgical ressection
128
ulcerative colitis
inflammation of mucosa
bowel wall NOT thickend
bloody diarrhea
treat with corticosteroids
129
antibiotic associated colities
broad spectrum anitbiotics destroy normal flora
produce toxins = necrosis
diarrhea= stool culture
drugs that decrease molity
130
appendicitis
most common inflammatory lesion of bowl
plugged with fecal matter
inflammation
131
merkels diverticulum
outpouching of distal intestine
132
diverticulosis
outpouching of colonic mucosa in large intestine
133
diverticulitis
inflammtion of diverticulum trapped with fecal matter
| bleeding
134
lactose intolerance
unable to digest lactose into glucose and galactose due to lactase deficiency
fermented by bacteria in colon
135
IBS
diarrhea and constipation
excessive mucus secretion
emotional tension
increase molitiy
136
anorexia nervosa
false perception of being fat
food intake restricted to lose weight
vomitting and laxatives
137
bulimea nervosa
binge and purge
gastric mucosa tears from vomitting
dental problems
138
high intestinal obstruction
severe cramps from peristalsis
| vomit=loss of water
139
low intestinal obstruction
mild cramps
140
adhesions
adhesvie bands of CT
| loops of bowel become kinked, compressed, twisted
141
hernia
protrusion of loop of bowel into opening of abdominal wal
142
inguinal hernia
males
| bowel moves through inguinal ring into scrotum
143
umbilical hernia
bowl enter umbilicus
144
femoral hernia
bowel enters femoral vessels of groin
145
strangulated hernia
bowel tightly constricted obstructing blood supply
146
volvulus
rotary twisting bowel impairing blood supply
147
intussusception
telescoping bowl into other segemtns
148
symtopms of intestinakl cancer
weakenss and fatigue
