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exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

endocrine system

A

glands or organs that secrete hormones into bloodstream

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2
Q

hormones only affect

A

target tissues

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3
Q

target tissues

A

tissue cells that contain specific receptors

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4
Q

majory endorcrine glands

A 
pituitary
thyroid
parathyroid
adrenal cortex and medulla
panreatic islets
ovaries
testes
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5
Q

ways to regulate hormone secretion

A

blood level of hormone
nervous system
other hormones

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6
Q

anterior pituitary

A

produces and secretes hormones

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7
Q

posterior pituitary

A

stores and secretes 2 hormones produced by hypothalamus

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8
Q

tropoc hormones

A

regulate activity of other endocrine glands

secreted by anterior pituitary

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9
Q

anterior pituitary hormones

A 
human growth hormone
prolactin
tsh
acth
fsg
lh
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10
Q

posterior pituitary hormones

A

antidiuretic hormone

oxytocin

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11
Q

growth hormone deficiency

A

pituiary dwarfism

retarded growth and deveopment

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12
Q

growth hormone overproduction

A

pituitary adenoma
gigantism in kids
acromegaly in adults

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13
Q

prolactin overproduction

A

milk secretion from non preggo women or male breasts

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14
Q

diabetes insipidus

A

failure of posterior love to secrete adh or failure of kidney to respond to adh

unable to absorb water

causes excretion of large amounts of dilited urine

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15
Q

pituitary gland tumors

A

funktional

nonfunktional

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16
Q

funktional tumor

A

produce hormones that cause clinical manifeststions

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17
Q

nonfunktional tumors

A

do not produce hormones

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18
Q

treatment of pituitary gland tumors

A

type, size, hormone
tumor suppressor drugs
surgery

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19
Q

thyroid gland

A

two lobes connected via isthmus

thyroid follicles that produce and store hormones

hormone regulation regulated by tsh from anterior

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20
Q

actions of thyroid gland

A

controls metabolism
regulate body temp
normal growth and develoment

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21
Q

nontoxic goiter

A

no hormones

thyroid enlarges to increase hormone secretion

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22
Q

causes of nontoxic goiter

A

inadequate hormone output

iodine defieciency

enzyme deficiency

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23
Q

hyperthyroidism

A

toxic goiter or graves disease

antithyroid antibody that stimulates gland

mimics affects of tsh but not subject to normal control mechanisms

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24
Q

hypothyroidism

A

myxedema in adults
metabolic slowing

cretinism in kids
impaired growth and nervous system development
low metabolism

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25
hashimotos disease
autoantibody destroys thyroid tissue results in hypothyroidsim
26
parathyroid glands
secrete pth to regulate blood calcium levels
27
pth secreted in response to low blood calcium
increase breakdown of bone increase calcium absorption tbrough gi tract decrease calcium exerction in urine
28
hyperparathyroidism
from tumor excessive pth leads to increased calcium levels decreased stimulation of skeletal muscles
29
hypoparathyroidism
accidental removal of parathyroid hypocalcemia neuromuscular excitability and tetany
30
adrenal glands
``` kidney secrete from cortex: glucocorticods- cortisol mineralocorticoids-aldosterone androgens- testosterone ``` secrete from medulla epinephrine norepinephrine
31
adrenal medulla
pheochromocytoma: funktional tumor ``` cardiovascular effectd cerebral hemorrage decreased blood flownto kidneys pale skin excessive sweating ```
32
addison disease
hyposecretion of adrenal cortex hormones cortisol defieciency causes hypoglycemia aldosterone deficiency causes low blood volume and low blood pressure hyperpigmentation from increased acth autoimmune
33
cushing disease
hypersecretion of adrenal cortex hormones cortisol causes abnormal carb, fat, protein metabolism and hyperglucemia aldosteron excess cause high blood volume and high blood pressure testosterone causes exaggerated male sex characterisitcs
34
pancreas
2 types of hormone secreting crlls clustered together in pancreatic islets or islets of langerhans alpha and beta
35
alpha cells
secrete glucagon | raise blood glucose
36
beta cells
secrete insulin | lower blood glucose
37
diabetes mellitus
very common important metabolic disease 2 types
38
type 1 diabetes
insulin deficiency | kids and young adults
39
type 2 diabetes
inadequate response to insulin more common increased glucose levels hyperglycemia
40
type 1 diabetes mellitus
damage from pancreatic islets reduction or absence of insulin follows viral infections production of autoantibodies agianst islets cells diabetic ketosis
41
type 2 diabetes mellitus
overweight or obese adults insulin secretion is normal or increased reduced response of tissue to insulin
42
complications of diabetes
increased susceptibility to infection diabetic coma ketoacidosis arteriosclerosis renal failure neuropathy
43
ketone bodies
glucose absorbed normally but cannot enter cells without insulin body turns fat as source of energy ketone bodies produced
44
ketosis
accumulation of ketone bodies in blood amd excreted in urine
45
insulin
influences carb, protein, fat metabolism on liver cells, muscle, adipose
46
main stimuluse for insulin release
high glucose in blood
47
insulin promotes
entry of glucose into cells utilization of glucose as source of energy storahe of glucose as glycogen conversion of glucose into trglucerides storage of triglycerides in fat cells entry lf amino acids into cells and stimulate protein syntheiss
48
hypoglycemia in diabetes
pancrease regulates glucose in blood by adjusting output of insulin neurologic manifestations: lightheaded, dizzy, confusion
49
causes of hypoglycemia
self administration of insulin and not eating islet cell tumor
50
treatment of diabetes
diet type 1: requires insuline type 2: weight reduction and diet
51
gonads
testes and ovaries produce gametes produce sex hormones
52
testosterone funktions
regulate sperm production develope male sex organs funktion of reproductive organs regulate sex drive stimulate protein synthesis
53
estrogen funktions
regualate ovary funktion uterine blood supply decrease blood cholesterol levels stimulate protein synthesis
54
stress
any event that disturbs homeostasis
55
acute response to stress
fight or flight
56
chronic response to stress
alters metabolism imcreass cv system impairs inflammatoru and immune response
57
cns
brain | spinal cord
58
pns
crainial and spinal nerves
59
neurons
funktional cells recieve input, process it, generate and conduct response neurotransmitters
60
neruoglial cells
sensory or motor
61
sensory nerve
afferent | transmits impulses into spinal cord and brain
62
motor nerve
efferent nerve | transmits impulses out of brain amd spinal cord
63
meninges
cover brain and spinal cord dura arachnoid pia protect and support contains csf
64
3 regions of brain
cerebrum cerebellum brainstem
65
frontal lobe
mood personality volunatey movement
66
parietal lobe
general senseoy reception
67
temporal lobe
hearing
68
occipital lobe
vision
69
cerebellum
posture balance fine muscle coordination eye relfexes
70
brainstem
breathing heart rate swallowing vomiting
71
blood supplynto brain
large carotid arteries enter skulls jugular veins drain blood
72
autonomic nervous system
controls funktions of bodys organs amd smooth and cardiac muscle
73
parasympathetic
rest and digest
74
sympathetic
fight or flight
75
development of nervous system
``` band of cells called neural playe plate folds amd forms neural tube closed in 4th week 3 buldges end narrow and form spinal cord ```
76
muscle paralysis
paralyzed- muscles no longer subject to voluntary control
77
flaccid paralysis
damage to motor neeves | low or no muscle tone
78
spastic paralysis
damage to neurons in brain | muslce retains innervatiin and increases muscle tone
79
hemorrage in meninges
bleeding into epidural space or subdural space trauma or hemorrhagic strokes epidural: more rapidly subdural: slower
80
anencephaly
failure of normal developement of brain and cranial activity
81
spina bifidia
failure of vertebral column to close
82
hydrocephalus
congential | aquired
83
congential hydrocephalus
congential ovstruction of aqueduct or absence of opening in 4th ventricle ventricles dialate due to increased csf fontanelles enlarge
84
aquired hydrocephalus
obstruction of csf by tumor or adhesion blocking opening of 4th ventricle ventricles dialate but doesnt enlaege
85
stroke
any injury to brain tissue from disturbance of blood supply to brain
86
cerebral thrombosis
most common thrombosis of cerebral srtery
87
cerebral embolus
blockage of cerebral artery by fragment of blood clot from aterioclerotic plaque or from heart
88
cerebral hemorrage
most serious rupture of cerebral artery in person with hypertension
89
ischemic infarct
no blood leaks into brain
90
hemorrhagic infarct
blood leaks into damages brain tissue
91
carotid arteries
arteriosclerotic plaque may narrow lumen and reduce cerebral blood flow
92
anticoagulants
stop blood from clotting
93
transient ischemic attack
brief episodes of neuroligc dysfunktion from embolizatiin of material from plaque in carotid artery will gradually resolve
94
cerebral aneurysm
congential weakness in arterial walls that allow lining to protrude rupture causes subarachnoid hemorrage hypertension
95
arterosclerotic aneurysm
cerebral artery dilates and compresses adjacent tissue
96
epilepsy
chronic disease characrerized by episodes of abnormal electrical activirt in brain convulsive seizure
97
petit mal seizure
absence of seizure
98
grand mal seizure
convulsizve seizure along with loss of consciousness, urinary control, tongue bitinf
99
status epileticus
life threatening event state of continued seizure with no recovery of consciousness
100
meningitis
infection affecting meninges bacterial viral fungal
101
encephalities
infection of brain tissue
102
meningoencephalitis
affects meninges amd brain tissue
103
arboviruses
responsivle for cases of meningitis and encephalitis transmitted via mosquitoes
104
types of encephalitis
weat nile
105
creutzfeldt jakob disease
small protein particle produced as a result of gene mutation
106
mad cow disease
prion disease affecting cows eating infected beef
107
alzheimer disease
progressive mental deterioriation emotional disturbances neurofibrillary tangles neurotic plaques
108
multiple sclerosis
autoimmune disease random demyelination glial scarring poor or absent nerve transmission muscle weakness
109
parkinson disease
unknown cause loss of neurons rigidity of voluntary muscles tremors of fingers decreased dopamine
110
huntington disease
progressive hereditary dominant disease abnormal genes jerky and writhing movements no way to stop progression
111
degenerative disease of motor neurons
upper and lower neurons weakness paralysis respiratory problems als
112
lou gehrigs | als
flaccid paralysis respiratory problems sensory neurons not lost mental funktion not impaired fatal
113
brain tumors
metastic glioma: poor prognosis
114
spinal cord tumors
compress or invade spinal cord multiple myeloma
115
peripheral neeve injury
traumatic injury nerve entrapment neuropathy surgical release
116
polyneuritis
sensory and motor dysfunktion glove and stocking distribution treat underlying cause
117
spinal cord injury
injury to spinal cord itself car accidents cervical most prone to injury
118
bone
solid connectivr tissue collagen fibers crystallized calcium salts
119
spongy bone
trabeculae filled with red bone marrow blood cell formation
120
compact bone
repeating osteons no spaces
121
diaphysis
shaft compact bone marrow cavity with yellow bone marrow
122
epiphysis
ends spongy bone with red bone marow
123
epiphysial plate or line
growth plate becomes lime wjen done growing
124
periosteum
connectivr tissue around outside
125
osteoblastsw
build bone
126
osteocytes
mature bone cells
127
osteoclasts
breakdown bone
128
fibrous joint
immovable
129
cartilaginous joint
immovable or slightly movable
130
synovial joint
freely movable
131
intramembraneous
osteoblasts form bone withing conmective tidsue membrane skull and mandible
132
endochondral
osteoblast form bone within cartilage model all other bones
133
achondroplasia
faulty endochondral bone formation impaired growth of extremities and skull dwarfism w short limbs
134
osteogenesis imperfecta
thin and delicate bones easily broken malformation of phalanges extra or fused digits
135
congenital clubfoot
manipulation and casts multifactorial injeritance
136
congenital dislocation of hio
common in females displaced out of socket
137
rheumatoid arthritis
systemic disease affecting ct especially joints inflammation and thickening of synovial membrane autoimmune autoanitbody in blood and synovial membrane instability of joints
138
osteoarthritis
not systemic wear and tear degeneration aging
139
gout
disorder of purine metabolism uric acid crystal in joint fluid big toe
140
simple fracture
bone broken in 2 places
141
comminuted fracture
bone shattered
142
compound fracture
overlying skin is broken eith potential for infection
143
pathologic infection
fracture through diseased area in bone
144
osteomyelitis
infection lf bone amd adjacent marrow cabity as result of bacteria demineralize bone bc of bacteria fever, local pain, tenderness
145
tumors of bone
usually metastic tumors from prostate, breasts, organs
146
chondrosarcoma
malignant tumor of cartilage
147
osteosarcoma
malignant tumor of bone forming cells
148
osteoporosis
generalized thinning amd demineralization of entire skeletal system postmenopausal women loss of estrogen
149
avascular necrosis
inference in blood supply to epiphysis of bones results in necrosis and degeneration at ends of bones local pain and disability
150
spine
series of vertebrae joined by disks and fibrous ligaments curved
151
scoliosis
abnormal lateral curvature of spine asymmetry in trunk and pelvis
152
skeletal muscle
myofilaments slide together myoneural junktion: communication between nerve muscle nerve stimulation releases AcH
153
normal structure and funktionsl integrity depends on w
intact nerve supply normal transmission of impulses across myoneural junktion normal metabolic processes within muscle cellt
154
myositis
muscle inflammation localized: from injury or overexertion generalized: systemic disease
155
progressive muscular atrophy
secondary to motor nerve degeneration with secondary muscle atrophy
156
muscular dystrophy
group of diseases characterized by progressive degeneration and weakening of muscles muscles unable to store protein muscle fibers die amd replace with fat amd ct sex linked recessive
157
myastenia gravis
chronic disease characterized by abnormal fatigability of voluntary muscles due to abnormality at myoneural junktion autoimmune disease

human disease (5 decks)

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