Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

human disease > exam 3 > Flashcards

exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

endocrine system

A

glands or organs that secrete hormones into bloodstream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

hormones only affect

A

target tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

target tissues

A

tissue cells that contain specific receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

majory endorcrine glands

A 
pituitary
thyroid
parathyroid
adrenal cortex and medulla
panreatic islets
ovaries
testes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

ways to regulate hormone secretion

A

blood level of hormone
nervous system
other hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

anterior pituitary

A

produces and secretes hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

posterior pituitary

A

stores and secretes 2 hormones produced by hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

tropoc hormones

A

regulate activity of other endocrine glands

secreted by anterior pituitary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

anterior pituitary hormones

A 
human growth hormone
prolactin
tsh
acth
fsg
lh
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

posterior pituitary hormones

A

antidiuretic hormone

oxytocin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

growth hormone deficiency

A

pituiary dwarfism

retarded growth and deveopment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

growth hormone overproduction

A

pituitary adenoma
gigantism in kids
acromegaly in adults

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

prolactin overproduction

A

milk secretion from non preggo women or male breasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

diabetes insipidus

A

failure of posterior love to secrete adh or failure of kidney to respond to adh

unable to absorb water

causes excretion of large amounts of dilited urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

pituitary gland tumors

A

funktional

nonfunktional

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

funktional tumor

A

produce hormones that cause clinical manifeststions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

nonfunktional tumors

A

do not produce hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

treatment of pituitary gland tumors

A

type, size, hormone
tumor suppressor drugs
surgery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

thyroid gland

A

two lobes connected via isthmus

thyroid follicles that produce and store hormones

hormone regulation regulated by tsh from anterior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

actions of thyroid gland

A

controls metabolism
regulate body temp
normal growth and develoment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

nontoxic goiter

A

no hormones

thyroid enlarges to increase hormone secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

causes of nontoxic goiter

A

inadequate hormone output

iodine defieciency

enzyme deficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

hyperthyroidism

A

toxic goiter or graves disease

antithyroid antibody that stimulates gland

mimics affects of tsh but not subject to normal control mechanisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

hypothyroidism

A

myxedema in adults
metabolic slowing

cretinism in kids
impaired growth and nervous system development
low metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

hashimotos disease

A

autoantibody destroys thyroid tissue

results in hypothyroidsim

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

parathyroid glands

A

secrete pth to regulate blood calcium levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

pth secreted in response to low blood calcium

A

increase breakdown of bone
increase calcium absorption tbrough gi tract
decrease calcium exerction in urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

hyperparathyroidism

A

from tumor
excessive pth leads to increased calcium levels

decreased stimulation of skeletal muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

hypoparathyroidism

A

accidental removal of parathyroid
hypocalcemia
neuromuscular excitability and tetany

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

adrenal glands

A 
kidney
secrete from cortex:
glucocorticods- cortisol
mineralocorticoids-aldosterone
androgens- testosterone

secrete from medulla
epinephrine
norepinephrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

adrenal medulla

A

pheochromocytoma: funktional tumor

cardiovascular effectd
cerebral hemorrage
decreased blood flownto kidneys
pale skin
excessive sweating
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

addison disease

A

hyposecretion of adrenal cortex hormones

cortisol defieciency causes hypoglycemia

aldosterone deficiency causes low blood volume and low blood pressure

hyperpigmentation from increased acth

autoimmune

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

cushing disease

A

hypersecretion of adrenal cortex hormones

cortisol causes abnormal carb, fat, protein metabolism and hyperglucemia

aldosteron excess cause high blood volume and high blood pressure

testosterone causes exaggerated male sex characterisitcs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

pancreas

A

2 types of hormone secreting crlls clustered together in pancreatic islets or islets of langerhans

alpha and beta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

alpha cells

A

secrete glucagon

raise blood glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

beta cells

A

secrete insulin

lower blood glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

diabetes mellitus

A

very common
important metabolic disease
2 types

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

type 1 diabetes

A

insulin deficiency

kids and young adults

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

type 2 diabetes

A

inadequate response to insulin
more common

increased glucose levels
hyperglycemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

type 1 diabetes mellitus

A

damage from pancreatic islets
reduction or absence of insulin

follows viral infections

production of autoantibodies agianst islets cells

diabetic ketosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

type 2 diabetes mellitus

A

overweight or obese adults
insulin secretion is normal or increased

reduced response of tissue to insulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

complications of diabetes

A

increased susceptibility to infection

diabetic coma

ketoacidosis

arteriosclerosis

renal failure

neuropathy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

ketone bodies

A

glucose absorbed normally but cannot enter cells without insulin

body turns fat as source of energy
ketone bodies produced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

ketosis

A

accumulation of ketone bodies in blood amd excreted in urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

insulin

A

influences carb, protein, fat metabolism on liver cells, muscle, adipose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

main stimuluse for insulin release

A

high glucose in blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

insulin promotes

A

entry of glucose into cells

utilization of glucose as source of energy

storahe of glucose as glycogen

conversion of glucose into trglucerides

storage of triglycerides in fat cells

entry lf amino acids into cells and stimulate protein syntheiss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

hypoglycemia in diabetes

A

pancrease regulates glucose in blood by adjusting output of insulin

neurologic manifestations: lightheaded, dizzy, confusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

causes of hypoglycemia

A

self administration of insulin and not eating

islet cell tumor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

treatment of diabetes

A

diet

type 1: requires insuline

type 2: weight reduction and diet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

gonads

A

testes and ovaries
produce gametes
produce sex hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

testosterone funktions

A

regulate sperm production

develope male sex organs

funktion of reproductive organs

regulate sex drive

stimulate protein synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

estrogen funktions

A

regualate ovary funktion

uterine blood supply

decrease blood cholesterol levels

stimulate protein synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

stress

A

any event that disturbs homeostasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

acute response to stress

A

fight or flight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

chronic response to stress

A

alters metabolism

imcreass cv system

impairs inflammatoru and immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

cns

A

brain

spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

pns

A

crainial and spinal nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

neurons

A

funktional cells

recieve input, process it, generate and conduct response

neurotransmitters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

neruoglial cells

A

sensory or motor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

sensory nerve

A

afferent

transmits impulses into spinal cord and brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

motor nerve

A

efferent nerve

transmits impulses out of brain amd spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

meninges

A

cover brain and spinal cord

dura
arachnoid
pia

protect and support
contains csf

64
Q

3 regions of brain

A

cerebrum
cerebellum
brainstem

65
Q

frontal lobe

A

mood
personality
volunatey movement

66
Q

parietal lobe

A

general senseoy reception

67
Q

temporal lobe

A

hearing

68
Q

occipital lobe

A

vision

69
Q

cerebellum

A

posture
balance
fine muscle coordination
eye relfexes

70
Q

brainstem

A

breathing
heart rate
swallowing
vomiting

71
Q

blood supplynto brain

A

large carotid arteries enter skulls

jugular veins drain blood

72
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

controls funktions of bodys organs amd smooth and cardiac muscle

73
Q

parasympathetic

A

rest and digest

74
Q

sympathetic

A

fight or flight

75
Q

development of nervous system

A 
band of cells called neural playe
plate folds amd forms neural tube
closed in 4th week
3 buldges
end narrow and form spinal cord
76
Q

muscle paralysis

A

paralyzed- muscles no longer subject to voluntary control

77
Q

flaccid paralysis

A

damage to motor neeves

low or no muscle tone

78
Q

spastic paralysis

A

damage to neurons in brain

muslce retains innervatiin and increases muscle tone

79
Q

hemorrage in meninges

A

bleeding into epidural space or subdural space

trauma or hemorrhagic strokes

epidural: more rapidly
subdural: slower

80
Q

anencephaly

A

failure of normal developement of brain and cranial activity

81
Q

spina bifidia

A

failure of vertebral column to close

82
Q

hydrocephalus

A

congential

aquired

83
Q

congential hydrocephalus

A

congential ovstruction of aqueduct or absence of opening in 4th ventricle

ventricles dialate due to increased csf

fontanelles enlarge

84
Q

aquired hydrocephalus

A

obstruction of csf by tumor or adhesion blocking opening of 4th ventricle

ventricles dialate but doesnt enlaege

85
Q

stroke

A

any injury to brain tissue from disturbance of blood supply to brain

86
Q

cerebral thrombosis

A

most common

thrombosis
of cerebral srtery

87
Q

cerebral embolus

A

blockage of cerebral artery by fragment of blood clot from aterioclerotic plaque or from heart

88
Q

cerebral hemorrage

A

most serious

rupture of cerebral artery in person with hypertension

89
Q

ischemic infarct

A

no blood leaks into brain

90
Q

hemorrhagic infarct

A

blood leaks into damages brain tissue

91
Q

carotid arteries

A

arteriosclerotic plaque may narrow lumen and reduce cerebral blood flow

92
Q

anticoagulants

A

stop blood from clotting

93
Q

transient ischemic attack

A

brief episodes of neuroligc dysfunktion

from embolizatiin of material from plaque in carotid artery

will gradually resolve

94
Q

cerebral aneurysm

A

congential weakness in arterial walls that allow lining to protrude

rupture causes subarachnoid hemorrage

hypertension

95
Q

arterosclerotic aneurysm

A

cerebral artery dilates and compresses adjacent tissue

96
Q

epilepsy

A

chronic disease characrerized by episodes of abnormal electrical activirt in brain

convulsive seizure

97
Q

petit mal seizure

A

absence of seizure

98
Q

grand mal seizure

A

convulsizve seizure along with loss of consciousness, urinary control, tongue bitinf

99
Q

status epileticus

A

life threatening event

state of continued seizure with no recovery of consciousness

100
Q

meningitis

A

infection affecting meninges
bacterial
viral
fungal

101
Q

encephalities

A

infection of brain tissue

102
Q

meningoencephalitis

A

affects meninges amd brain tissue

103
Q

arboviruses

A

responsivle for cases of meningitis and encephalitis

transmitted via mosquitoes

104
Q

types of encephalitis

A

weat nile

105
Q

creutzfeldt jakob disease

A

small protein particle produced as a result of gene mutation

106
Q

mad cow disease

A

prion disease affecting cows

eating infected beef

107
Q

alzheimer disease

A

progressive mental deterioriation

emotional disturbances

neurofibrillary tangles

neurotic plaques

108
Q

multiple sclerosis

A

autoimmune disease

random demyelination

glial scarring

poor or absent nerve transmission

muscle weakness

109
Q

parkinson disease

A

unknown cause

loss of neurons

rigidity of voluntary muscles

tremors of fingers

decreased dopamine

110
Q

huntington disease

A

progressive hereditary dominant disease

abnormal genes

jerky and writhing movements

no way to stop progression

111
Q

degenerative disease of motor neurons

A

upper and lower neurons

weakness
paralysis
respiratory problems

als

112
Q

lou gehrigs

als

A

flaccid paralysis

respiratory problems

sensory neurons not lost

mental funktion not impaired

fatal

113
Q

brain tumors

A

metastic

glioma: poor prognosis

114
Q

spinal cord tumors

A

compress or invade spinal cord

multiple myeloma

115
Q

peripheral neeve injury

A

traumatic injury

nerve entrapment neuropathy

surgical release

116
Q

polyneuritis

A

sensory and motor dysfunktion glove and stocking distribution

treat underlying cause

117
Q

spinal cord injury

A

injury to spinal cord itself

car accidents

cervical most prone to injury

118
Q

bone

A

solid connectivr tissue

collagen fibers

crystallized calcium salts

119
Q

spongy bone

A

trabeculae

filled with red bone marrow

blood cell formation

120
Q

compact bone

A

repeating osteons

no spaces

121
Q

diaphysis

A

shaft

compact bone

marrow cavity with yellow bone marrow

122
Q

epiphysis

A

ends

spongy bone with red bone marow

123
Q

epiphysial plate or line

A

growth plate becomes lime wjen done growing

124
Q

periosteum

A

connectivr tissue around outside

125
Q

osteoblastsw

A

build bone

126
Q

osteocytes

A

mature bone cells

127
Q

osteoclasts

A

breakdown bone

128
Q

fibrous joint

A

immovable

129
Q

cartilaginous joint

A

immovable or slightly movable

130
Q

synovial joint

A

freely movable

131
Q

intramembraneous

A

osteoblasts form bone withing conmective tidsue membrane

skull and mandible

132
Q

endochondral

A

osteoblast form bone within cartilage model

all other bones

133
Q

achondroplasia

A

faulty endochondral bone formation

impaired growth of extremities and skull

dwarfism w short limbs

134
Q

osteogenesis imperfecta

A

thin and delicate bones easily broken

malformation of phalanges

extra or fused digits

135
Q

congenital clubfoot

A

manipulation and casts

multifactorial injeritance

136
Q

congenital dislocation of hio

A

common in females

displaced out of socket

137
Q

rheumatoid arthritis

A

systemic disease affecting ct especially joints

inflammation and thickening of synovial membrane

autoimmune

autoanitbody in blood and synovial membrane

instability of joints

138
Q

osteoarthritis

A

not systemic

wear and tear

degeneration

aging

139
Q

gout

A

disorder of purine metabolism

uric acid crystal in joint fluid

big toe

140
Q

simple fracture

A

bone broken in 2 places

141
Q

comminuted fracture

A

bone shattered

142
Q

compound fracture

A

overlying skin is broken eith potential for infection

143
Q

pathologic infection

A

fracture through diseased area in bone

144
Q

osteomyelitis

A

infection lf bone amd adjacent marrow cabity as result of bacteria

demineralize bone bc of bacteria

fever, local pain, tenderness

145
Q

tumors of bone

A

usually metastic tumors from prostate, breasts, organs

146
Q

chondrosarcoma

A

malignant tumor of cartilage

147
Q

osteosarcoma

A

malignant tumor of bone forming cells

148
Q

osteoporosis

A

generalized thinning amd demineralization of entire skeletal system

postmenopausal women

loss of estrogen

149
Q

avascular necrosis

A

inference in blood supply to epiphysis of bones

results in necrosis and degeneration at ends of bones

local pain and disability

150
Q

spine

A

series of vertebrae joined by disks and fibrous ligaments

curved

151
Q

scoliosis

A

abnormal lateral curvature of spine

asymmetry in trunk and pelvis

152
Q

skeletal muscle

A

myofilaments slide together

myoneural junktion: communication between nerve muscle

nerve stimulation releases AcH

153
Q

normal structure and funktionsl integrity depends on w

A

intact nerve supply

normal transmission of impulses across myoneural junktion

normal metabolic processes within muscle cellt

154
Q

myositis

A

muscle inflammation

localized: from injury or overexertion
generalized: systemic disease

155
Q

progressive muscular atrophy

A

secondary to motor nerve degeneration with secondary muscle atrophy

156
Q

muscular dystrophy

A

group of diseases characterized by progressive degeneration and weakening of muscles

muscles unable to store protein

muscle fibers die amd replace with fat amd ct

sex linked recessive

157
Q

myastenia gravis

A

chronic disease characterized by abnormal fatigability of voluntary muscles due to abnormality at myoneural junktion

autoimmune disease

human disease (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions