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AP II > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Blood volume is directly proportional to?

A

pressure and flow

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2
Q

as volume decreases; pressure and flow rate…

A

DECREASE

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3
Q

as volume in creases; pressure and flow rate…

A

Increase

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4
Q

four main components of blood

A

RBC’s, WBC’s, Platelets, Plasma (fluid)

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5
Q

Blood viscosity is directly proportional to

A

resistance

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6
Q

Blood viscosity is inversely proportional to

A

flow

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7
Q

length of vessel is directly proportional to

A

resistance

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8
Q

diameter of the vessel is inversely proportional to

A

resistance

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9
Q

cross sectional area is inversely proportional to

A

linear velocity of flow (Q=VA)

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10
Q

velocity of flow is slowest in capillaries because?

A

greatest cross sectional area

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11
Q

velocity of flow is fastest in vessels

A

smallest cross sectional area

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12
Q

as diameter of a vessels in the body decrease, the cross sectional area

A

increases

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13
Q

caused by shear stress produced as blood flows past stationalry wall

A

streamlining

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14
Q

whorls, vortices, eddies

A

turbulent flow

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15
Q

if pressure in right atria or ventricle increases, venous return ____

A

decreases

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16
Q

two methods that help return blodo to right side of heart

A
  1. skeletal muscle pump

2. respiratory pump

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17
Q

standing on tiptoes compresses the vein causing

A

blood milking (further valve from heart closes and closer valve open)

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18
Q

milking of the thoracic cavity occurs on

A

exhalation

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19
Q

inhalation diphragm moves downward, causing a decrease in pressure of thoracic cavity, but an increase in abdominal cavity pressure resulting in….

A

abdominal veins compress and push more volume of blood through thoracid cavity towards heart

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20
Q

exhalation - diphragm moves upward causing increase in thoracic cavity pressure, but a decrease in the abdominal cavity pressure, resulting in….

A

valve close preventing backflow from thoracic veins into abdomen

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21
Q

blood pressure is deterimined by….

A

Cardiac output
Blood volume
Vascular Resistance

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22
Q

several INTERCONNECTED negative feedback systems control blood pressure by making adjustments in

A

heart rate
stroke volume
blood volume
systemic vascular resistance

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23
Q

cardiovascular control center located in?

helps to regulate?

Also controls neural, hormonal, and local negative feedback systems that help regulate BP

A

medulla oblongata

heart rate and stroke volume and blood vessel diameter

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24
Q

CV center regulates

A

heart rate, contractility, and blood vessel diameter

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25
CV center three components
Cardio-stimulatory center Cardio-inhibitory center Vasomotor center (constrict or dialate)
26
does parasympathetic system control vascular tone?
NOOOOOOOPE
27
parasympathetic
vagal nerves decrease HR and contractility
28
sympathetic
cardiac accelerator nerves increase HR and contracility
29
vascular tone?
the continual sympathetic impulses sent to arteries and arterioles (reduction in rate reduces vascular tone)
30
BP is regulated by which two negative feedback loops?
Baroreceptor reflexes | Chemoreceptor reflexes
31
carotid SINUS
baroreceptor
32
carotid BODY
chemoreceptor
33
carotid SINUS is located... | innervated by?
on internal carotid artery | glossopharyngeal nerve
34
Two most important Baroreceptor reflexes
Carotid Sinus reflex | Aortic Reflex
35
helps regulate pressure in the brain
carotid sinus reflex
36
helps regulate systemic blood pressure (baroreceptor)
Aortic reflex
37
Aortic Reflex innervated by
vagal nerves
38
nerve impules sent at slower rate to CV center CV center decreases parasympathetic stimulation through vagal nerves and increases sympathetic stimulation through cardiac accelerator nerves why does this occur?
drop in BP at baroreceptors (stretched less) increased epi and norepi heart beats faster and more forcefully, increasing CO and systemic vascular resistance increase
39
systemic vascular resistance increases due to
decrease in BP (basically BP went down so arterioles constricted)
40
systemic vascular resistance decreases due to a
increase in BP regulated by Baroreceptors (i.e. vasomotor neurons cause vasodilation) said differently BP went up so arterioles dialated
41
chemoreceptors detect changes in blood concentration of
O2, CO2, and H+
42
reduced plasma O2
hypoxia
43
increased H+ concentration
acidosis
44
increase in CO2 in plasma
hypercapnia
45
when chemoreceptors are stimulated this happens...
impulse to CV CV increases sympathetic stimulation to arterioles adn veins causing vasoconstriction vasoconstriction increases blood pressure
46
the only hormal regulator to LOWER BP by causing vasodilation (also the loss of salt and water in urine)
ANP/ANH Atrial Natriuretic peptide / hormone
47
RAA system stimulated by
decrease in blodo volume or flow to the kidneys causing an increase in BP by increasing water retention
48
released by hypothalamus causes vasoconstriction promotes water retention in kidneys
ADH
49
5 listed hormonal regulators of BP
``` RAA Epi/norepi ADH ADP/ANH EPO ```
50
increase CO by increasing HR and Force of contraction causes vasoconstriction of arterioles in skin and abdominal organs causes vasodilation of arterioles in cardiac and skeletal muscle
epi / norepi
51
causes vasoconstriction of arterioles in skin and abdominal organs causes vasodilation of arterioles in cardiac and skeletal muscle
epi / nor epi
52
tissue changing blood flow based off metabolic demands i.e. local changes in capillary beds regulating Vasomotion
autoregulation
53
if O2 demand increases
vasomotion occurs where vasodilators dilate the arterioles and relax precapilllary sphincers allowing for more blood OR vasoconstrictors relax to allow more blood to bring O2
54
myogenic response
ateriole smooth muscle response
55
arteriole smooth muscle has a more forceful contraction when stretched more or less stressful contraction when stretched less due to what?
myogenic response or myotonic response
56
which types of cells alter blood-vessel diameter
WBC's, platelets, smooth muscle fibers, macrophages, endothelial cells
57
vasodilating chemicals?
``` K+ H+ lactic acid adenosine NO kinins histamine ```
58
vasoconstricting chemicals
Thromboxane A2 Serotonin Endothelins
59
What is different about Pulmonary vs Systemic Circulation in repone to low O2?
Pulmonary - constricts | Systemic - dialates
60
what helps creates your pulse?
expansion and recoil of elastic arteries
61
sounds heard when checking pulse with cuff (brachial artery)
Systolic - first sound | Diastolic -No longer hearing any
62
sounds heard during pulse check with cuff
Korotkoff sounds
63
how high above normal systolic BP to inflate cuff for BP check?
30mmHg above normal systolic
64
normal MAP?
70-110
65
MAP =
diastolic BP + (systolic - diastolic)/3
66
if MAP below 60 for extended time
hypoxia and ischemia (lack of perfusion)
67
Tissue perfusion ____ as someone transitions from rest, to exercise
increases
68
selective vasodilation occurs during exercise in ____ due to resistance decrease in these active tissues also increased venous return (muscle and respiratory pump increase return) i.e. PRELOAD increasing contractility Frank Starling
``` skeletal muscles heart lungs liver skin ```
69
selective vasoconstriction occurs during exercise in ____ this allows more blood to be shunted to more metabolically demanding locations
kidneys, digestive system, reproductive system

AP II (7 decks)

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