Exam 7 51-116 (Finish) Flashcards by James Ozorkiewicz

Slide 51, 52

Female external genitalia

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The ___refers to the external genitalia of the female

vulva (pudendum)

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Vulva includes?

Mons pubis

Labia majora

Labia minora

CLitoris

Vestibule

Paraurethral (Skene’s) glands

Greater vestibular (Bartholin’s) glands

Corpus spongiosum (bulb of the vestibule)

Corpus cavernosum

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adipose tissue, cushions pubic symphysis

Mons pubis

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Covered by pubic hair, composed of adipose tissue, sebaceous glands, sudoriferous glands

Homologous to the scrotum

Labia majora

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Devoid of pubic hair and fat, few sudoriferous glands

Contains many sebaceous glands

Homologous to spongy (penile) urethra

Labia minora

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Contains erectile tissue (corpora cavernosa) and numerous blood vessels and nerves

Prepuce- layer of skin formed at the point where labia minora unite, covers body of clitoris

Clitoris

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Exposed portion of clitoris is called the

glans clitoris

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hymen
vaginal orifice
external urethral orifice
openings of ducts of several glands

comprise the?

Vestibule

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Glands of the vestibule?

Paraurethral (Skene’s) glands

Greater vestibular (Bartholin’s) glands

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lateral to urethral orifice

secrete mucous

embedded in the wall of the urethra.

Paraurethral (Skene’s) glands

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lateral to vaginal orifice

produce mucous during sexual arousal to provide lubrication

Greater vestibular (Bartholin’s) glands

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Has two masses of erectile tissue that engorge during sexual arousal to narrow the vaginal orifice applying pressure to the penis during intercourse

Corpus spongiosum (Bulb of the vestibule)

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Erectile and very sensitive tissue that fill with blood during sexual arousal as well

Corpus Cavernosum

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Distal portion of this is the clitoris

Corpus Cavernosum

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Slide 56-59

External genitalia

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Diamond shaped area medial to thighs and buttocks

Both males and females

Contains external genitalia and anus

Perineum

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Anterior aspect of perineum?

pubic symphysis

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Lateral aspect of perineum?

Ischial tuberosity

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A transverse line drawn from one tuberosity to the other divides this (perineum) diamond into the

Urogenital triangle

Anal triangle

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posterior aspect of perinuem?

coccyx

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Slides 61,62

More pictures

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Mammary glands lie anterior to the pectoralis major and _____ muscles

serratus anterior

Each breast is a hemispheric projection of variable size

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series of closely spaced openings where milk emerges from

Lactiferous Ducts

Nipple- Each breast has one pigmented projection

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Circular pigmented skin surrounding nipple

Areola

Areola appears rough as it contains

modified sebaceous glands

run between breast skin and fascia

Cooper’s Ligaments

Become looser with excess age or strain (ie:jogging)

Cooper’s Ligaments

Mammary gland- each breast contains __(#) gland? Lobes (compartments)- each gland contains ___(#)?

one 15-20

Each lobe has several lobules... what's found within lobules that secrete milk?

alveoli

synthesis, secretion, and ejection of milk

Lactation | Functions of mammary glands

Milk production stimulated by? Milk ejection stimulated by?

prolactin oxytocin

Slide 66

Nipples

Slide 67 for male/female comparison

yup

Nonpregnant females experience cyclical changes in the ovaries and uterus. Each cycle takes approximately?

one month (24-36 days)

The cycle involves ___ and preparation by the uterus to receive a fertilized ovum

oogenesis Hormones from the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary and ovaries control these processes

Two cycles of female reproductive cycles?

Ovarian cycle | Uterine cycle

includes changes that occur during and after maturation of the oocyte

Ovarian cycle

involves changes in the endometrium that prepare it for implantation of the developing embryo If fertilization does not occur, the ovarian hormones recede and cause sloughing of the stratum functionalis

Uterine cycle

Released from the hypothalamus Controls both the ovarian and uterine cycles

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

Stimulates release of LH and FSH Stimulates ovarian follicles to produce estrogen

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

Initiates follicular growth

Follicle Stimulating Hormone

Androgens (made by ___) taken up by the granulosa cells and turned into estrogen (under influence of___)

LH FSH

Stimulates further development of ovarian follicles Stimulates theca cells to produce androgens

Luteinizing Hormone

Luteinizing Hormone Stimulates ___ cells to produce androgens

theca

triggers ovulation (mid-cycle)

Luteinizing Hormone

triggers ovulation (mid-cycle) Then forms the corpus luteum (which then secrete other hormones)

Luteinizing Hormone

After being triggered by LH, Corpus luteum then produces and secretes

Estrogen Progesterone Relaxin*-Very small amounts produced unless fertilization occurs Inhibin*-Very small amounts produced unless fertilization occurs

What hormone promotes development and maintenance of: Reproductive structures Breasts 2° sex characteristics

Estrogen

Distribution of adipose tissue in breasts, abdomen, mons pubis, hips Voice pitch Broad pelvis Pattern of hair growth (head and body)

2° sex characteristics | from estrogen

Increases protein anabolism (Includes building of strong bones Synergistic with hGH)

estrogen

Lower blood cholesterol Thought to be the reason most women under 50 have lower risk of coronary artery disease compared to men

Estrogen

Moderate levels of estrogen in blood inhibit release of GnRH and secretion of FSH/LH

Estrogen

Secreted mainly by cells of the corpus luteum Small portion by the cumulus cells surrounding the ovulated oocyte

Progesterone

Synergistic with estrogen to prepare and maintain endometrium

Progesterone

Helps to prepare the mammary glands for milk secretion

Progesterone

High levels of ____ also inhibit secretion of GnRH and LH

progesterone

Small amount produced by corpus luteum each month Relaxes the uterus by inhibiting contractions

Relaxin

Thought to help “quiet” the uterus to make it a better environment for implantation During pregnancy, placenta produces much more of this which helps stave off uterine contractions

Relaxin

Thought to help increase flexibility of pubic symphysis and help dilate cervix during labor

Relaxin

Secreted by granulosa cells (of growing follicles) and corpus luteum after ovulation Inhibits secretion of FSH and (too a lesser extent) LH

Inhibin

Almost negligible unless pregnancy occurs?

Inhibin, relaxin

Slide 77...

Hormones

4 phases of reproductive cycle

Menstrual Preovulatory Ovulation Postovulatory

Lasts roughly first 5 days of cycle (1st day of menstruation is first day of new cycle)

Menstrual

Lasts roughly from day 6-13 of cycle

Preovulatory

Occurs roughly on day 14 or 15

Ovulation

Occurs roughly from day 15-28

Postovulatory

Menstrual and preovulatory phases AKA?

follicular phase

Ovulation and postovulatory phases AKA?

= luteal phase

Preovulatory phase AKA?

= proliferative phase Because of the proliferation of the endometrial lining

Postovulatory phase AKA?

Postovulatory phase = secretory phase Because of the secretion of glycogen by the secretory glands of the endometrium

Slide 77, 81 for learning

learning occured

Events in the OVARIES for menstrual?

Increased FSH starts the progression of primordial follicles into primary follicles These primary follicles continue maturing

Menses- 50-150mL of blood, tissue fluid, mucus and epithelial cells shed from endometrium Declining levels of ___ and ____ cause release of prostaglandins (Events in the Uterus for menstrual phase)

progesterone estrogen

Prostaglandins cause ____ to constrict _____ feed the stratum functionalis layer When these cells are oxygen deprived, they start to die The dying of these cells forces the stratum functionalis layer to slough off causing _____? (Events in the Uterus for menstrual phase)

spiral arterioles Spiral arterioles menses

The primary follicles have matured into secondary follicles in this phase These secondary follicles start to secrete? (events in the ovaries for Preovulatory phase)

estrogen and inhibin

Approximately on day 10, one of the secondary follicles has outgrown all others to become the dominant follicle The estrogen and inhibin secreted by the dominant follicle decreases the release of? This causes other less-developed follicles to stop growing, which forces them to undergo atresia (events in the ovaries for Preovulatory phase)

FSH

The dominant follicle becomes the mature (graafian) follicle What phase?

Preovulatory phase (in ovaries) This continues to develop until it is approximately 20mm in diameter and ready for ovulation As this process continues, estrogen production is increased as the size of the follicle increases

Mature follicle AKA

graafian

Events in the Uterus (ovulation phase) Lining is continuing to? Arterioles continuing to lengthen, coil and imbed deeper into endometrium

proliferate

a home test kit can detect the surge of __signaling ovulation has occurred during this phase

Events in ONE Ovary post ovulatory phase.. After ovulation, the mature (graafian) follicle collapses Basement membrane between the theca interna and granulosa cells breaks down These cells mix and become ____ cells under the influence of LH

corpus luteum

Events in ONE Ovary post ovulatory phase.. LH stimulates these corpus luteum cells (collectively known as corpus luteum) to secrete (4 hormones)?

Progesterone Estrogen Inhibin Relaxin

Events in ONE Ovary post ovulatory phase.. NOT fertilized... The corpus luteum has a two week lifespan The secretory activity (hormones) decline at this time forcing it to degenerate into?

corpus albicans

Events in ONE Ovary post ovulatory phase.. NOT fertilized... As levels of progesterone, estrogen, inhibin (go up or down?), release of GnRH, FSH, LH rise due to loss of negative feedback ____ growth resumes and a new ovarian cycle resumes

decrease Follicular

Events in ONE Ovary post ovulatory phase.. fertilized... Once sperm penetrates the ___, it signals the secondary oocyte to complete meiosis II

zona pellucida

Events in ONE Ovary post ovulatory phase.. fertilized... This produces the mature ovum and a __ __ ___ The sperm will penetrate the cytoplasm of the ovum This causes two pronuclei to form and fuse restoring the diploid chromosome number

second polar body

Events in ONE Ovary post ovulatory phase.. fertilized... The corpus luteum persists past it’s 2-week lifespan by being rescued by (hormone)? ___ is produced by the chorion of the embryo beginning about 8 days after fertilization

human chorionic gonadotropic (hCG)

Like LH, __ stimulates secretory activity of the corpus luteum Presence of ___ in maternal blood or urine is indicator of pregnancy

hCG

Postovulatory Phase events in the uterus... Progesterone and estrogen produced by corpus luteum cause what three things in the uterus?

Promote growth and coiling of the endometrial glands Vascularization of the superficial endometrium Thickening of the endometrium (12-18mm)

Postovulatory Phase events in the uterus... These preparatory changes peak about 1 week after ovulation as this signals the arrival of the possibly fertilized ovum into the uterus If fertilization does not occur, levels of ___ and ___ decline due to degeneration of the corpus luteum

progesterone and estrogen

Postovulatory Phase events in the uterus... These preparatory changes peak about 1 week after ovulation as this signals the arrival of the possibly fertilized ovum into the uterus If fertilization does not occur, levels of progesterone and estrogen decline due to degeneration of ?

corpus luteum

Withdrawal of estrogen and progesterone cause?

menstruation

KNOW SLIDE 97 ....

and physiology with appropriate timelines...

Slide 98 might be helpful for learning

hormones and stuff

4 stages of female sex response

Excitement phase (mainly parasympathetic response) Plateau Phase (mainly parasympathetic response) Orgasm phase (sympathetic response) Resolution phase (sympathetic response)

``` Increased sexual tension Deep breathing Increased HR Increased BP Skin flush Vaginal engorgement of labia and clitoris Vaginal “sweating” (transudative lubrication) Secretions from Bartholin’s glands ```

Excitement phase (mainly parasympathetic response)

Excitement phase Secretions from what gland?

Bartholin’s glands

Marked vasoconstriction “Sex flush” (rash on breasts, chest, epigastric area) Engorgement of lower 1/3 of vagina, narrowing diameter

Plateau Phase (mainly parasympathetic response)

Dilation of upper 2/3rds of vagina Continued vaginal “sweating” Continued clitoral swelling

Plateau Phase (mainly parasympathetic response)

Release of tension Rhythmic myotonic contractions Contractions of peri-vaginal muscles and anal sphincter Uterine contractions

Orgasm phase (sympathetic response)

Some is urine Some is prostate specific antigen from skene’s glands which are homologous to prostate Some is Bartholin gland secretion Not all women have ability to produce copious amounts

Female ejaculation – Does it exist?

Return to pre-excitement state Personal satisfaction and well-being New excitement cycles may be started

Resolution phase (sympathetic response)

Restricting the number of children conceived by various methods No single, ideal method of birth control exists Only 100% reliable method???

Birth Control

Birth Control... Several methods exist

``` Surgical sterilization Hormonal methods Intrauterine devices (IUD’s) Spermicides Barrier methods Periodic abstinence ```

Renders an individual incapable of further reproduction…if it works

Surgical Sterilization

Males- Vasectomy... portion of each ____ is removed Two places tied, sutured, and then middle cut out

ductus (vas) deferens

Males- Vasectomy... Sperm production continues in the testes but they can no longer reach the exterior Sperm degenerate and destroyed by?

phagocytosis

Males- Vasectomy... Blood vessels are not cut, so ___ levels remain the same If done correctly, this procedure is nearly 100% effective

testosterone

Females- tubal ligation Tubes are tied and cut, cauterized or clamped/clipped These processes are to prevent the ___ from passing through the tubes or sperm from getting to the oocyte in the tubes

secondary oocyte

Irreversible procedure as alternative to tubal ligation Coil inserted into the tubes which causes scar tissue to form

Essure | Non-incisional Sterilization

Oral Contraceptives... | Contain hormones designed to prevent pregnancy. Some contain just ____ (hormone with actions similar to progesterone)

progestin

Oral Contraceptives... Thicken ___ to block sperm Also block implantation in the uterus

cervical mucous

Oral Contraceptives... Some contain both estrogen and progestin. The combined forms inhibit ovulation by suppressing the? Low levels of ___ prevents development of dominant follicle in ovary

FSH/LH

Regulation of length of menstrual cycle Decreased menstrual flow (decreased risk of anemia) Provides protection against endometrial and ovarian cancers Reduces risk of endometriosis

Noncontraceptive benefits

Noncontraceptive Risks?

May not be advised for women with history of blood clotting disorders, cerebral blood vessel damage, migraine headaches, hypertension, liver malfunction, heart disease

Made of plastic, copper, or stainless steel Inserted into the internal os of the uterus Prevents sperm from entering uterus

IUD’s

Foams, creams, jellies, suppositories and douches that contain sperm-killing agents Make the vagina unfavorable for sperm survival Available without prescription

Spermicides

``` Male condom Female condom Diaphragm Cervical cap (more rigid than diaphragm) ```

Barrier Methods In addition to preventing pregnancy, certain barrier methods can prevent against STI’s

Periodic Abstinence... rhythm method?

Abstaining when pregnancy chances are highest (3 days before, day of and 3 days after ovulation)

Periodic Abstinence... Sympto-thermal method

understanding signs of ovulation such as increased basal body temp, stretchy cervical mucous, and pain with ovulation (mittelschmerz)

Spontaneous abortion?

Naturally occurring, miscarriage

Premature expulsion of conception products from the uterus (usually before 20th week of pregnancy)

Spontaneous abortion

Abortion can be intentionally induced/performed by?

Medications such as mifepristone (anti-progestin) Vacuum aspiration Dilation and evacuation Late-stage abortion

With age, fertility decreases in both males and females

yep

Females-menopause... Between 40-50 years old, ovarian pool is exhausted Production of ___ declines no matter how much FSH/LH is released from ant. pit Hot flashes and heavy sweating start to occur from the surge of GnRH

estrogen

Other symptoms of ____ include headaches, hair loss, vaginal dryness, insomnia, depression, weight gain, mood swings With loss of estrogen, decrease in bone mineral density occurs

menopause

Healthy men maintain their reproductive capabilities into?

80’s-90’s

Age 50-55 men begin decrease in testosterone synthesis.... | Can lead to?

reduced muscle strength, fewer viable sperm, reduced libido

Age 60 potentially brings increase in prostate size 2-4x’s normal called Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)....

Decreases size of prostatic urethra causing frequent urination, bed wetting, hesitancy in urination, decreased force of stream, postvoiding dribbling

Exam 7 51-116 (Finish) Flashcards

(133 cards)