Exam 7 - Oz Male First 63 cards Flashcards by James Ozorkiewicz

Production of offspring by making germ cells called gametes

Sexual Reproduction

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Male gamete (sperm cell) unites with female gamete (secondary oocyte)

Fertilization

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This produces one cell containing one set of chromosomes from each parent

Fertilization

Male gamete (sperm cell) unites with female gamete (secondary oocyte)

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Produce gametes and secrete sex hormones

Gonads

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Store and transport gametes

Ducts

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Produce substances to protect the gamete and facilitate their movement

Accessory Sex Glands

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Supporting Structures

Penis and Uterus assist delivery of ____

Uterus provides site for growth of….

gametes

…embryo and fetus

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Gynecology

Branch of medicine concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the female reproductive system

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Study of the urinary system

Urologists also diagnose and treat diseases and disorders of male reproductive system

Urology

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Andrology

Branch of medicine concerned with male disorders to include infertility and sexual dysfunction

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produce sperm and secrete hormones

Testes

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transports and stores sperm, assists in their maturation, conveys them to the exterior

Ducts

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Epididymis
Ductus deferens (Vas deferens)
Ejaculatory ducts
Urethra

Ducts

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Ductus deferens AKA

(Vas deferens)

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provides secretions to semen
–Seminal vesicles
–Prostate
–Bulbourethral glands

Accessory Sex Glands

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supports the testes

- delivers sperm into the female reproductive tract

Supporting Structures

Scrotum

Penis

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Devoid of fat

Numerous sebaceous and sweat glands

Loose skin

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Externally, the skin of the scrotum is one single pouch

Raphe (external ridge, fold of tissue, not a true septum)

Extends from urethral meatus, down the ventral shaft, scrotum and ends at the anus

Represents the fusion of the genital tubercles (embryonic development)

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(external ridge, fold of tissue, not a true septum)

Raphe

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Scrotum

Raphe

Extends from ____, down the ventral shaft, scrotum and ends at the anus

urethral meatus

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Scrotum

Raphe

Represents the fusion of the…

…genital tubercles (embryonic development)

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Scrotum:

Skin
Subcutaneous layer (derived from abdominal structures during embryonic development)

True

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(derived from abdominal structures during embryonic development)

Subcutaneous layer

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Subcutaneous layer

Dartos muscle (smooth muscle)

External spermatic fascia

Cremaster muscle (skeletal muscle)

Internal spermatic fascia

Tunica vaginalis (parietal layer)

Tunica vaginalis (visceral layer)

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Dartos muscle (type?)

(smooth muscle)

Cremaster muscle (type?)

(skeletal muscle)

Tunica vaginalis (type?)

(parietal layer)

Tunica vaginalis (two types of layers)

(parietal layer) | (visceral layer)

slide 17... great pic of the scrotum layers

take a look at that sweet meat

Scrotum Internally divided into two sacs by Each sac contains...

scrotal septum ...single testis SLIDE 18

Regulation of temperature of the testes Normal sperm production requires temperatures.... Lower temperature maintained in the scrotum because it is...

....slightly below core body temperature ....outside the pelvic cavity

Muscles contract in colder temperatures to preserve heat What is cremaster? How about dartos?

Cremaster- contraction moves testes closer to body to absorb more heat Dartos- causes scrotum to become tighter (more wrinkled) which reduces heat loss **Exposure to warmth reverses this process

check out slide 20 to see the cremaster and dartos contracted vs relaxed

if you're into that sort of thing

Testis- singular Testes/testicles- plural Paired oval glands Measure about 2 inches long and 1 inch in diameter Develop near the.... and then do what in 7th month of fetal development?

kidneys, descend through the inguinal canal in the 7th month of fetal development

Considered part of the scrotum as well as part of the testicles

Tunica vaginalis

Inner most layer of the scrotum Outer most layer of the testicle

Tunica vaginalis | Considered part of the scrotum as well as part of the testicles

Forms from the peritoneum during descent of testes?

Tunica vaginalis: Parietal layer Visceral layer

Cavity formed between the two layers which holds small amount of lubricating fluid

Tunica vaginalis

If you place a flashlight directly on the skin, it will shine through if it’s fluid filled If it does not shine through, its likely solid

Transillumination

Internal to the tunica vaginalis layer White fibrous dense tissue Extends inward to form septa that divide the testis into lobules ---Think of a hard boiled egg

Tunica albuginea

Functional unit of the testicles Each testis contains 200-300 Made up of seminiferous tubules (1-3 in each lobule)

Lobules

slide 25 has a sweet picture

nuts

Seminiferous Tubules Contain two types of cells?

Spermatogenic cells- sperm forming cells Sertoli (sustentacular) cells- supports spermatogenesis

- sperm forming cells

Spermatogenic cells

- supports spermatogenesis

Sertoli (sustentacular) cells

Location of spermatogenesis Begins with primordial germ cells during fetal development which then differentiate into… Spermatogonia

Seminiferous Tubules

Enter the testes during 5th week of embryonic development These remain dormant until puberty and then when activated, aid in production of sperm

Spermatogonia

Seminiferous Tubules In order of advancing maturity (young to old)

Spermatogonia - Primary spermatocyte - Secondary spermatocyte - Spermatid - Sperm cell (spermatozoa)

Seminiferous Tubules: Sertoli cells AKA

(sustentacular cells)

Embedded amongst the spermatogenic cells Extend from the basement membrane to lumen of tubule Support and protect spermatogenic cells

Sertoli cells (sustentacular cells)

Nourish spermatocytes, spermatids, sperm Phagocytize excess spermatid cytoplasm Controls release of sperm into lumen Produces fluid for sperm transport INSIDE the tubules Produces androgen binding protein (ABG) which has effects of testosterone

Sertoli cells (sustentacular cells)

Sertoli cells (sustentacular cells) How do they Support and protect spermatogenic cells?

Seminiferous Tubules: Tight junctions formed by Sertoli cells Isolates developing gametes from blood

Blood-Testis barrier

Seminiferous Tubules: Prevents an immune response to spermatogenic cell’s surface antigens These antigens are recognized as “foreign” by the immune system

Blood-Testis barrier: Tight junctions formed by Sertoli cells Isolates developing gametes from blood

Seminiferous Tubules: Located in the tunica albuginea surrounding the seminiferous tubules Produces and secretes testosterone

Leydig Cells

Produces and secretes testosterone - --Development of masculine characteristics - --Promotes male sex drive

Leydig Cells

Seminiferous Tubules on slide 29 and 30

Seminiferous Tubules on slide 29 / 30

Takes 65-75 days

Spermatogenesis

Contains diploid (2n) number of chromosomes (46) Under the influence of testosterone, these undergo mitosis (at puberty)

Spermatogonia

Some spermatogonia remain near the basement membrane and act as reservoir of cells for future sperm production Others lose contact with basement membrane, squeeze through blood-testis barrier and undergo development Differentiate into primary spermatocytes

Spermatogonia: Under the influence of testosterone, these undergo mitosis (at puberty)

Differentiate into primary spermatocytes

Spermatogonia in Spermatogenesis

Contains diploid (2n) number of chromosomes (46) Starts to replicate its own DNA Meiosis 1 begins at this point

Primary Spermatocytes of Spermatogenesis

Homologous pairs of chromosomes line up at metaphase plate where cross-over occurs Meiotic spindle pulls one (duplicated) chromosome of each pair apart and pulls it to opposite poles of dividing cell Two cells formed from Meiosis 1 called secondary spermatocytes

Primary Spermatocytes within spermatogenesis and the beginning of meiosis 1

Each cell is now haploid (n), contains 23 chromosomes Each chromosome is made up of two chromatids (two copies of DNA) still attached by a centromere Meiosis 2 occurs at this point

Secondary spermatocytes within Spermatogenesis

Meiosis 2 occurs at this point Chromosomes line up at metaphase plate where the two chromatids of each chromosome separate Four (4) haploid cells (23 chromosomes) are produced called spermatids

Secondary spermatocytes within Spermatogenesis

Spermatogenesis: A single primary spermatocyte produces four spermatids via two rounds of cell division

meiosis 1 & 2

2n- Diploid- 46 chromosomes 2n- Diploid- 46 chromosomes n- Haploid- 23 chromosomes n- Haploid- 23 chromosomes n- Haploid- 23 chromosomes

spermatogenesis

– Final stage of spermatogenesis

Spermiogenesis

Development of haploid spermatids into sperm One spermatid develops into one sperm Spherical spermatids start to elongate

Spermiogenesis – Final stage of spermatogenesis

An acrosome forms atop the nucleus A flagellum develops Mitochondria multiply Sertoli cells dispose of excess cytoplasm (if any)

Spherical spermatids start to elongate within SPERMIOGENESIS

- sperm being released from their connection to Sertoli cells into the lumen

Spermiation

Sperm CANNOT swim at this point

Fluid from Sertoli cells help the sperm travel to the ducts of the testes

sperm pick on slide 36

Each day approximately 300 million sperm complete spermatogenesis -----Once ejaculated, can last up to 48 hours in female reproductive tract

Sperm

Cap-like vesicle filled with enzymes that help the sperm penetrate the secondary oocyte ---Enzymes include hyaluronidase and proteases

Acrosome | Sperm

---Enzymes include hyaluronidase and proteases

Acrosome

Sperm: Tail Divided into 4 parts

Neck- contains centrioles Middle piece- contains mitochondria (energy for movement) Principal piece- longest portion of tail End piece- terminal tapering piece of tail

Hormonal Control of Testes Male Reproductive Cycle At puberty, ____ increases

At puberty, GnRH increases

produces androgen binding protein?

seminiferous tubules but in particular the SERTOLI CELLS (SUSTENTACULAR CELLS)

produces androgen binding protein?

seminiferous tubules but in particular the SERTOLI CELLS (SUSTENTACULAR CELLS)

produces and secretes testosterone?

Leydig cells (still need ABG to keep it loca FROM HER IN LECTURE DOUBLE CHECKl)

At puberty, GnRH increases | This stimulates ___ to secrete what?

gonadotrophs (Ant. Pit.) to secrete luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

Stimulates leydig cells to produce/secrete testosterone

Synthesized from cholesterol in the testes

testosterone produced by Leydig cells (stimulated by LH)

Makes testosterone lipid-soluble which allows diffusion out of leydig cells, through interstitial fluid and into - --Blood - --Seminiferous tubules

The cholesterol makes it lipid soluble (produced by leydig cels and stimulated by LH)

5-alpha-reductase can convert some testosterone (in external genitals and prostate) into another androgen called

DHT (dihydrotestosterone)

Much more potent androgen Thought to “spark” puberty in males Thought to combine with testosterone to account for male sexual behavior/desire Responsible for male external organs in fetal development

The diploid cells AKA ____ are differentiated during what process, and what is formed from them?

meiosis I occurs to diploid (2n) AKA primary spermatocytes to form secondary spermatocytes... which are now called haploid (n)

DHT (dihydrotestosterone)

Hormonal Control of Testes Some testosterone gets sent into systemic circulation The majority of testosterone stays in the testes to ____ This is only accomplished by....

promote spermatogenesis ....androgen binding protein (ABG) being present to keep testosterone in this location ABG is made in the Sertoli Cells

ABG is made in the

Sertoli Cells

Acts indirectly to stimulate spermatogenesis Works synergistically with testosterone to act on the Sertoli cells to secrete Androgen-binding protein (ABP) ABP binds to testosterone in the tubule lumen which keeps a high concentration of testosterone in the area Testosterone stimulates the final steps of spermatogenesis

FSH

Testosterone stimulates the final steps of spermatogenesis

Once normal level of spermatogenesis occurs, Sertoli cells release small amounts of inhibin Reduces the production of FSH

LH is very important in males

said in lecture... so pay attention to those slides

Effects of Testosterone and DHT Prenatal development Testosterone stimulates development...

of male reproductive system ducts and descent of testes

FSH plays a much larger role in?

females according to lecture

Effects of Testosterone and DHT DHT stimulates development of

external genitals

Effects of Testosterone and DHT Converted in the brain to _____, which is thought to help develop certain brain regions

estrogens

Effects of Testosterone and DHT Male sexual characteristics ----At puberty development and enlargement of male sex organs and masculine secondary sex characteristics

Traits that distinguish males and females, but do not play a role in reproduction Include muscular/skeletal growth (wide shoulders, narrow hips,) facial and chest hair, thickening of skin, increased sebaceous gland secretion, enlargement of larynx (deeper voice)

Effects of Testosterone and DHT Development of Sexual Function (3 mentioned)?

Contributes to male sexual behavior, spermatogenesis Contributes to sex drive in BOTH males and females Adrenal cortex in females is the main source of androgen production

in females is the main source of androgen production

Adrenal cortex

Effects of Testosterone and DHT Stimulation of Anabolism: Stimulates ____ Obvious in heavier muscle and bone mass in most males as compared to women

protein synthesis

Reproductive System Ducts In Males Ducts of the Testis?

Straight tubules Rete testis Efferent ducts Ductus epididymis Epididymis (1 per testis) Ductus Deferens (Vas Deferens)

Pressure generated by fluid secreted by Sertoli cells pushes the sperm and fluid through seminiferous tubules and then into these

Straight tubules

Found at the hilum of the testicle A network of ducts that bridge the straight tubules and efferent ducts

Rete testis

Coiled ducts in the epididymis Leads to the ductus epididymis

Efferent ducts

Ducts of the Testis A single convoluted tube connecting the efferent ducts and the ductus deferens (vas deferens) Would measure approximately 20ft in length if uncoiled

Ductus epididymis

Ducts of the Testis Contains mostly tightly coiled ductus epididymis Comma shaped organ about 1.5in long Lies at the posterior aspect of each testis Site of sperm maturation Helps propel sperm into ductus deferens during sexual arousal Stores sperm for up to several months Any stored sperm that is not ejaculated within it’s lifecycle is reabsorbed

Epididymis (1 per testis)

slide 47 shows some ducts of the testis

slide 47

Ductus (Vas) Deferens

slid 50

Ductus Deferens AKA

(Vas Deferens)

Known as ductus deferens at this point

Within the epididymis, the tubule becomes less convoluted and it’s diameter increases

Traverses through the spermatic cord, enters the pelvic cavity, loops over the ureter where it enters the bladder and runs down the posterior surface

Ductus Deferens (Vas Deferens)

Right side drains directly into the inferior vena cava Left side drains into the left renal vein Because of this difference, much more pathology is usually found on the left side

Pampiniform Plexus Ascends anterior to the vas deferens on both sides Tortuous network of veins that drains the scrotum and the testicles

Spermatic Cord Supporting structure, ascends out of the scrotum Consists of?

``` Ductus (vas) deferens Testicular artery Veins Carry testosterone into circulation (via pampiniform plexus) Lymphatic vessels Autonomic nerves Cremaster muscle ```

____ with the ilioinguinal nerve pass through the inguinal canal (passage into abdominal cavity)

Spermatic cord

Ascends anterior to the vas deferens on both sides Tortuous network of veins that drains the scrotum and the testicles

Pampiniform Plexus | Spermatic Cord– Venous Drainage

____ side drains directly into the inferior vena cava

Right | Spermatic Cord– Venous Drainage

___ side drains into the left renal vein | Because of this difference, much more pathology is usually found on the left side

Left | Spermatic Cord– Venous Drainage

Ejaculatory Duct Formed by the union of the...

seminal vesicle and the ampulla of the ductus (vas) deferens

Ejaculatory Duct Terminates at the... Ejects sperm and seminal vesicle secretions

...prostatic urethra

A shared terminal duct - Reproductive system - Urinary system

Male Urethra

Approximately 8 inches long (internal and external)

Male Urethra

Passes through the prostate, deep muscles of the perineum, and then the penis

Male Urethra

Male Urethra | Subdivided in three sections:

Prostatic urethra- 1 inch long Membranous urethra- 0.5 inch long Spongy (penile) urethra- 6-8 inches long

Ends at external urethral orifice

Male Urethra

Male Urethra ends at?

external urethral orifice

slide 56 male urethra

Accessory Sex Glands in Males Secretes most of the ___ portion of semen Small portion of fluid comes from the .....

fluid ....seminiferous tubules with sperm (1% of fluid in semen)

Includes Seminal vesicle secretion- 60% of fluid in semen Prostatatic secretion- 25% of fluid in semen Bulbourethral gland secretion- 14% of fluid in semen

Accessory Sex Glands THIS SLIDE MAY HAVE DOWNLOADED INCORRECTLY.... LOOK IF THERE IS A DIFFERENT NAME OTHER THAN "ACCESSORY"

slide 59

Paired set of convoluted pouch-like structures Usually 2 inches in length

Seminal Vesicles

Seminal vesicle secretions acidic or alkaline?

Alkaline | Helps to neutralize acidic environment of male urethra and female reproductive tract (these would kill sperm)

Seminal vesicle secretions viscous or thin?

Viscous | Helps to keep semen in female reproductive tract longer to increase chances of fertilization

Seminal vesicle secretions contain

Fructose used for ATP production by sperm Prostaglandins Contributes to sperm motility and viability Thought to stimulate smooth muscle contraction within female reproductive tract (help move sperm towards ova) Clotting proteins Helps semen coagulate after ejaculation (helps semen stay in female reproductive tract longer)

Single, walnut/doughnut shaped gland Approximate size of a golf ball Inferior to bladder Surrounds prostatic urethra Grows slowly in size from birth to puberty At puberty grows rapidly until age 30 then remains stable until age 45 when further enlargement may occur

Prostate

Prostate location and surrounds?

Inferior to bladder Surrounds prostatic urethra

Secretes prostatic fluid | Component of semen

Prostate

``` Milky fluid Slightly acidic (pH of 6.5) ```

Prostatic fluid

Prostatic fluid contains?

1) Citric acid- used for ATP production 2) Proteolytic enzymes- help break down clotting factors in seminal vesicle fluid (PPHAL) - -Prostate specific antigen - -Pepsinogen - -Hyaluronidase - -Amylase - -Lysozyme 3) Seminalplasmin- decrease number of bacteria in semen

citric acid in prostatic fluid for?

Citric acid- used for ATP production

Proteolytic enzymes in prostatic fluid for?

Proteolytic enzymes- help break down clotting factors in seminal vesicle fluid (PPHAL) - -Prostate specific antigen - -Pepsinogen - -Hyaluronidase - -Amylase - -Lysozyme

Seminalplasmin in prostatic fluid for?

Seminalplasmin- decrease number of bacteria in semen

Exam 7 - Oz Male First 63 cards Flashcards

(143 cards)