exam 2 Flashcards
(177 cards)
1
Q
if you are lactose intolerant, what organ is not producing enough of it’s enzymes?
A
small intestine
2
Q
most concentrated source of energy; twice as much as carbs or proteins per mass
A
fats
3
Q
provide a quick source of energy; starch, glycogen
A
carbohydrates
4
Q
must get nine essential amino acids from protein rich foods
A
protein
5
Q
lack of protein causes swelling in the belly
A
Kwashiorkor
6
Q
which proteins are produced in the body?
A
Vitamin K
Vitamin D
7
Q
produced in the scheme from sunlight; major role in immunity
A
Vitamin D
8
Q
produced in large intestine from bacteria; also found in kale and spinach
A
Vitamin K
9
Q
important for pregnant women, helps prevent birth defects: spina bifida, improper development of brain
A
Folic acid
10
Q
meat, important for nervous system. vegetarians should take supplements
A
Vitamin B-12
11
Q
produced by liver, stored in gallbladder, breaks down lipids
A
bile
12
Q
carbohydrate metabolism takes place where?
A
liver
13
Q
changes glucose to glycogen (stored glucose), breaks glycogen down to glucose
A
carbohydrate metabolism
14
Q
what does the liver store?
A
- glycogen
- iron
- vitamins
15
Q
where does detoxification happen?
A
the liver
16
Q
removes toxins from the blood
A
Detoxification
17
Q
- when liver becomes so scarred it can’t function
- 9th leading cause of death
- coffee helps protect from this
A
Cirrhosis of the liver
18
Q
iodine deficiency
A
Goider
19
Q
what is the function of the circulatory system?
A
rapid internal transport to and from cells
20
Q
bathes the cell, blood interacts with this
A
interstitial fluid
21
Q
what percent of body weight is blood?
A
6 to 8
22
Q
what transports oxygen, nutrients, and other solutes to cells?
A
blood
23
Q
what transports metabolic wastes?
A
blood
24
Q
what does blood maintain?
A
internal pH
25
blood is a highway for what?
Phagocytic cells
26
what substance equalizes body temp?
blood
27
what is the liquid portion of blood called?
plasma
28
what percent of the total volume of blood is plasma?
50 to 60%
29
proteins, nutrients like glucose and amino acids, oxygen and carbon dioxide, hormones, wastes
plasma contains...
30
what percent of the total volume of blood are cells?
40 to 60%
31
what are the different types of blood cells?
- erythrocytes
- leukocytes
- platelets / thrombocytes
32
red blood cells
erythrocytes
33
where are erythrocytes produced?
in bone marrow
34
do erythrocytes have a nucleus?
no
35
iron based protein found in erythrocytes which carry oxygen and carbon dioxide
hemoglobin
36
white blood cells
leukocytes
37
leukocytes are ____ then erythrocytes
larger but less numerous
38
do leukocytes have a nucleus?
yes
39
what are the five kinds of leukocytes?
- neutrophils
- eosinophils
- basophils
- monocytes
- lymphocytes
40
lobed nucleus
| - produced by red bone marrow
- neutrophils
- eosinophils
- basophils
41
round or kidney shaped nucleus, produced in red bone marrow
- monocytes
| - lymphocytes
42
what do lymphocytes produce?
antibodies
43
cell fragments with no nucleus that last for 5-9 days and involve blood clotting
platelets/thrombocytes
44
what are the 4 blood types?
A, B, AB, O
45
what are blood types defined by?
antigen/agglutinogen
46
what happens when antigens contact certain antibodies/agglutinins?
agglutination
47
has the A antigen and anti-B antibodies
Blood type A
48
has the B antigen and anti-A antibodies
blood type B
49
has A and B antigens and no antibodies
blood type AB
50
has no antigens and both A and B antibodies
Blood type O
51
genetic alleles
I^A, I^B - dominant
| i - recessive
52
blood type A allele combinations
- I^A, I^A
| - I^A, i
53
blood type B allele combinations
- I^B, I^B
| - I^B, i
54
blood type AB allele combination
I^A, I^B
55
blood type O allele combinations
i, i
56
if mom is A and dad is O, what blood type could the child have? m
A or O
57
proteins expressed on the surface of red blood cells, can be positive or negative
Rh antigens
58
an Rh- recipient of transfused Rh+ blood can develop what?
antibodies against Rh over time
59
if an Rh- woman and an Rh+ man have a child...
the child may be Rh+
60
if mom develops anti-Rh antibodies and has a second child that is Rh+, her ____ will cause the ____ to rupture
antibodies
| fetal cells
61
Erythroblastosis fetalis
fetus dies
62
what are the 5 different kinds of blood vessels?
| AACVV
- arteries
- arterioles
- capillaries
- venules
- veins
63
carry blood away from the heart
arteries
64
carry blood to the heart; skeletal muscles contract against these
veins
65
keep blood from going backwards
valves
66
short loop; the path that deoxygenated blood takes through the heart to the lungs
pulmonary circuit
67
what side of the heart is the pulmonary circuit?
right
68
where does the blood from the right side/pulmonary circuit go once it leaves the heart?
the lungs
69
long loop starting at the left side of the heart
systematic circuit
70
oxygenated blood is pumped out through the ____
aorta
71
oxygenated blood is pumped back into the body - releasing oxygen to the cells and collecting waste - carbon dioxide
from the aorta
72
connective tissue - anchors, protects the heart
pericardium
73
2 upper chambers. there is a left and right one
atria
74
2 lower chambers. there is a left and right one.
ventricles
75
superior vena cava/inferior cava -> right atrium -> tricuspid valve -> right ventricle -> pulmonary trunk -> pulmonary semilunar valve -> LUNGS -> pulmonary veins -> left atrium -> bicuspid valve -> left ventricle -> aorta -> aortic semilunar valve -> BODY
heart structure
76
each time the heart beats, it's four chambers go through periods of ____ and _____
systole
| diastole
77
systole
contraction
78
diastole
relaxation
79
carry blood into the relaxed right atrium
superior and inferior vena cava
80
carry blood into the left atrium
pulmonary veins
81
what is located between the atria and the ventricles?
atrioventricular valves / AV valves
82
what are the 2 types of AV valves?
tricuspid
| bicuspid
83
located on the right side of the heart between the right atrium and the right ventricle
tricuspid valve
84
located on the left side of the heart between the left atrium and the left ventricle
bicuspid valve
85
how are the tricuspid and bicuspid valves forced open?
by rising fluid pressure
86
what type of vessels are the vena cavas?
veins
87
what is it called when the AV valves do not close completely, thus allowing blood to flow back into the upper chamber?
heart murmur
88
what contracts to force blood into the ventricle?
atria
89
prevent the AV valves from swinging into the atria
chordae tendinae
90
pulmonary semilunar valve
right side
91
aortic semilunar valve
left
92
blood leaves the left ventricle through the ___-
aorta
93
blood leaves the right ventricle through the ____
pulmonary trunk
94
what spans cardiac muscle cell membranes?
intercalated disks
95
wall of right atrium. where waves begin
SA node
96
cardiac pacemaker
SA node
97
from the SA node, waves then pass through the _____
AV node
98
from the AV node, the impulse then travels down the _____ causing the ventricles to _____
ventricle walls
| contract
99
heart's electrical impulses are disorganized, preventing the heart muscle from contracting normally
ventricular fibrillation
100
ventricular fibrillation can be caused by what?
taser
101
when the heart is not contracting properly
cardiac arrest
102
fluid pressure imparted to the blood by hearts contractions
blood pressure
103
- first number read in blood pressure reading
| - the blood pressure when the heart is contracting
systolic pressure
104
- second number read in blood pressure reading
| - the pressure in the arteries when the heart is relaxed
diastolic pressure
105
where is blood pressure highest?
contracting ventricles
106
where is blood pressure lowest?
relaxed atria
107
the closer to the heart, the ____ the blood pressure
higher
108
the farther from the heart, the _____ the blood pressure
lower
109
what squeezes single file through the capillaries?
red blood cells
110
blood slows down and allows for the exchange of what through the capillary walls?
substances like oxygen and glucose
111
what happens when the force inside the capillary is greater?
substances like oxygen diffuse out of the capillary
112
what happens when the force outside of the capillary is greater?
substances from the interstitial fluid diffuse into the capillary, carbon dioxide - reabsorption
113
when blood in a capillary bed in the leg is high in CO2, what type of other blood vessel is the blood closest to?
venule
114
the lymphatic system returns water and plasma proteins back to _____
blood circulation
115
where does the lymphatic system take fat from and deliver it to?
from the small intestine to general circulation
116
where does the lymphatic system deliver pathogens and foreign cells to?
lymph nodes
117
merge into lymph vessels, which converge into collecting ducts that drain into veins in the lower neck
lymph capillaries
118
80% of all strokes, the result of inadequate blood flow to the brain
ischemic stroke
119
20% of all strokes, busted blood vessel in the brain with bleeding into the brain
hemorrhagic stroke/aneurysm
120
what do lymph nodes contain?
lymphocytes
121
what is the largest lymphoid organ?
spleen
122
what does the spleen filter from the blood?
pathogens and used up blood cells
123
in spleen, reservoir for RBCs, produces RBC in embryos
red pulp
124
in spleen, contains lymphocytes
white pulp
125
the function is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide which allows speech and sense of smell
the respiratory system
126
divided by the nasal septum into two nasal cavities
nose
127
3 bones in nasal cavity, covered with mucus. mucus warms, moistens, filters air
nasal conchae
128
chemosensory, sends info about airborne chemicals to the brain = smell
olfactory epithelium
129
after entering the nose, air travels through the
pharynx, glottis, and larynx
130
what happens to the vocal cords as air passes over them?
the folds of tissue vibrate
131
what is a deviated septum?
when the nasal cavities are uneven
132
infection of the larynx
laryngitis
133
bronchi infection, tissue swells and excess mucus
bronchitis
134
alveoli infection
pneumonia
135
parrot fever, causes pneumonia
psittacosis
136
the trachea branches into ____
2 airways called bronchi
137
leads into lungs
bronchi
138
elastic organs of gas exchange
lungs
139
smaller tubers, terminate in alveolar sacs/alveoli
bronchioles
140
have tremendous surface area, exchange of oxygen and CO2
alveoli
141
muscular partition between thoracic and abdominal cavities
diaphragm
142
what shape is the diaphragm when relaxed?
dome-shaped
143
what shape is the diaphragm when contracted?
flat
144
external intercostal muscles
raise the rib cage
145
internal intercostal muscles
lower the rib cage
146
what is the respiratory system lined with?
mucus membranes and ciliated cells
147
what do the mucus membranes of the respiratory system prevent?
drying of the lungs
148
the mucus membranes of the respiratory system trap _____
dust and pathogens
149
what does the mucus membranes of the respiratory system contain?
surfactant
150
what happens to the diaphragm when you inhale?
it contracts
151
what happens to the external intercostal muscles when you inhale?
they contract to raise the rib cage
152
the thoracic cavity and the lungs ____ when you inhale
expand
153
the pressure inside the lungs and alveoli ____ when you inhale
drops
154
nasal cavity -> pharynx -> glottis -> trachea -> bronchi -> bronchioles -> alveoli
air pathway during inhalation
155
during inhalation oxygen diffuses across the alveolar membrane into the ____
pulmonary capillaries
156
how many types of exhalation are there?
2 - passive and active
157
the normal state of exhalation
passive exhalation
158
during passive exhalation what diffuses into the alveoli?
carbon dioxide
159
what happens to muscles during passive exhalation?
they relax
160
what happens to lungs during passive exhalation?
they passively recoil
161
pressure in the alveolar sacs is _____ than outside pressure
greater
162
alveoli -> bronchioles -> bronchi -> trachea -> glottis -> pharynx -> nasal cavity
air pathway as it flows out of the lungs
163
what muscle contracts during passive exhalation?
none
164
occurs during high rates of activity
active exhalation
165
what pulls the thoracic wall downward during active exhalation?
internal intercostal membrane
166
what is the maximum lung capacity for adult males?
~ 5.6 liters
167
what is the maximum lung capacity for adult females?
~ 4.2 liters
168
amount of air that can move out of the lungs in one breath
vital capacity
169
air flowing into and out o f the lungs in the respiratory cycle (~0.5 liters)
tidal volume
170
air that remains in the lungs, keeping them inflated
residual volume
171
only two times that a person loses residual volume
getting the wind knocked out of them and death
172
epithelial cells with membrane at outer surface
alveolus
173
consist of endothelial cells, basement membrane
pulmonary capillaries
174
alveolar epithelium + pulmonary endothelium =
thin respiratory membrane
175
what diffuses across the respiratory membrane?
oxygen
| carbon dioxide
176
what flows into the pulmonary capillaries?
oxygen
177
CO2 flows out of the
alveoli
