test 1 application questions

Question 1

you go outside on a hot day and sweat evaporates from your skin. in what layer of the integument was that sweat generated?

Answer 1

dermis

Question 2

when cells from the stratum basale die, where will they go next?

Answer 2

stratum corneum

Question 3

if you took a cross section through the structures in your dermis, which of those structures would have a hollow space located inside to allow for the flow of fluids?

Answer 3

sweat glands

Question 4

list as many specific examples of homeostasis examples as you can think of

Answer 4

body temperature, blood pH, glucose levels, blood pressure, calcium levels

Question 5

what changes in the physical appearance of the skin are warning signs that malignant (cancerous) cells could be present?

Answer 5

raised moles/discoloration of skin (ABC’s of moles)

Question 6

list 3 things that cause wrinkles

Answer 6

• old age
• smoking
• UV radiation

Question 7

if you got a nose ring, what type of cartilage would you be piercing?

Answer 7

hyaline cartilage

Question 8

why are arrector pili muscles really effective for rabbits on a cold day, but not necessarily for humans?

Answer 8

they are smooth muscles that are attached to and erect hairs when we get cold, serving as a buffer layer of warmth because they have so much hair, but humans don’t have as much hair so it is not as effective

Question 9

if you have back trouble, it is because you have damaged this type of joint

Answer 9

Cartilaginous Joints

Question 10

if you tear your ACL, what type of joint has been destabilized?

Answer 10

synovial joint

Question 11

why does cartilage breakdown cause pain in your joints?

Answer 11

it reduces the amount of shock between bones - may rub together

Question 12

if a bone is deposited into a joint, this would indicate what condition?

Answer 12

rheumatoid arthritis

Question 13

why does cartilage damage often take longer to repair than bone damage?

Answer 13

there is no blood flow to cartilage like there is to bone

Question 14

what age range is key for getting enough calcium to help prevent osteoporosis later?

Answer 14

25-40 years old

Question 15

besides getting enough calcium, what else is absolutely necessary to strengthen bones and prevent osteoporosis?

Answer 15

exercise

Question 16

why can humans communicate so much more information with our faces than most other animals?

Answer 16

because we have more facial muscles

Question 17

if your muscles ran out of ATP, what specifically would that prevent in sarcomere contraction?

Answer 17

the attachment and reattachment of myosin on the actin heads. the myofilaments would not slide past each other

Question 18

you rest after running a sprint, as the muscles in your legs RELAX, what will happen to the sarcomere?

Answer 18

it will stop contracting and stretch back out

Question 19

why would it be harmful if your muscle cells always maintained a negative charge?

Answer 19

because that means the nerve impulse would not cause an action potential to release the calcium ions

Question 20

in tetany, the _____ has been so high that is has caused the muscle to lock up

Answer 20

rate of the stimulus

Question 21

what stage (relaxations vs contraction) is your sarcomere in when the H zone has disappeared?

Answer 21

contraction

Question 22

when the Z band moves away from the center of the sarcomere, the sarcomere is:

Answer 22

relaxing

Question 23

you pick up a heavy weight, what happens to the myosin heads in your bicep when you do that?

Answer 23

the number of actin and myosin filaments increases and increased exercise; also when picking up something heavy, they will bind to the actin filament binding sites which causes the sarcomere to contract

Question 24

if you don’t have enough ATP for myosin heads to release from the actin filaments, what will your muscle do?

Answer 24

the myofilaments will not slide past one another

Question 25

if transverse tubules were blocked, where would the nerve impulse die each time?

Answer 25

the sarcolemma (muscle cell membrane)

Question 26

if you stand on your head and swallow food, the food will go to your stomach. why?

Answer 26

peristalsis - waves of contractions that move food through the digestive tract

Question 27

what condition is caused when the cardiac sphincter does not close properly?

Answer 27

heartburn. when the cardiac sphincter does not close properly, it lets food release itself into the esophagus, causing heartburn

Question 28

when someone swallows something and it chokes them up, and they say, "it went down the wrong way," why is that a fairly accurate description?

Answer 28

because the epiglottis did not close off the entrance to the trachea, allowing food particles to go down the wrong path

Question 29

why is the duodenum considered the workhorse of the small intestine? what is released here, where do those substances come from, and what do they break down?

Answer 29

it is where the chyme goes after it first exits the stomach. it collects bile from the liver which is stored in the gallbladder. Bile breaks large drops of lipids into smaller drops - emulsification. enzymes and sodium bicarbonate enzymes from the pancreas, which neutralizes the acid in chyme and hydrolyzes carbs, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins

Question 30

these structures located below the uvula were much more likely to be removed in your parents and grandparents

Answer 30

tonsils

Question 31

why is stress not considered to be the direct cause of ulcers?

Answer 31

because stress has nothing to do with a breach in the lining of the stomach, which is an infection caused by bacteria called peptic ulcer

Question 32

if you were to take enzymes after dinner, why would some people choose pancreatic enzymes as compared to say stomach enzymes?

Answer 32

because pancreatic enzymes produce pancreatic juice, which contains sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) to help neutralize the stomach acid and aid in the digestion of all food types

Question 33

if you were to eat something with sucrose in it, where would that sucrose be broken down?

Answer 33

the small intestine (ileum/jejunum)