Exam 3 Flashcards
(114 cards)
1
Q
what is the function of the respiratory system?
A
exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. allows for speech and sense of smell
2
Q
3 bones in nasal cavity, covered with mucus
A
nasal conchae
3
Q
warms, moistens, filters air
A
mucus
4
Q
chemosensory, sends info about airborne chemicals to the brain = smell
A
olfactory epithelium
5
Q
upper most part of the trachea (contains vocal cords)
A
larynx
6
Q
inflammation of the larynx
A
laryngitis
7
Q
folds of tissue that vibrate as air passes over them
A
vocal cords
8
Q
trachea branches into 2 airways
A
bronchi
9
Q
where do the bronchi lead into?
A
lungs
10
Q
elastic organs or gas exchange
A
lungs
11
Q
smaller tubes from bronchi
A
bronchioles
12
Q
bronchioles terminate in ____
A
alveolar sacs (alveoli)
13
Q
infection in alveoli in lungs
A
pneumonia
14
Q
tremendous surface area - exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
A
alveoli
15
Q
muscular partition between thoracic and abdominal cavities
A
diaphragm
16
Q
dome-shaped
A
relaxed
17
Q
flattened
A
contracted
18
Q
raise the rib cage (inhalation)
A
external intercostal muscles
19
Q
lower the rib cage (exhalation)
A
internal intercostal muscles
20
Q
respiratory system lined with mucus membranes
A
- prevents drying of the lungs
- traps dust and pathogens
- contains surfactant
21
Q
when babies make surfactant
A
28 weeks
22
Q
functions of ciliated cells
A
- opposite of air flow
- trap dirt, pathogens, etc
23
Q
get stuff out of lower respiratory system
A
cough
24
Q
irritant above uvula, get stuff out of upper respiratory system
A
sneeze
25
how should you sleep if you snore?
on your side
26
raise the rib cage
external intercostal muscles contract
27
thoracic cavity and lungs expand,
pressure inside the lungs and alveoli drops
28
nasal cavity - pharynx - glottis - trachea - bronchi - bronchioles - alveoli
air pathway
29
oxygen diffused across the alveolar membrane into ____ _____
pulmonary capillaries
30
high rates of activity
active exhalation
31
lungs (max capacity) for adult males
+/- 5.7 liters
32
lungs (max capacity) for adult females
+/- 4.2 liters
33
amount of air that can move out of the lungs in 1 breath
vital capacity
34
air flowing into and out of the lungs in the respiratory cycle
tidal volume
35
what remains in lungs that keeps them inflated?
residual volume
36
how much is tidal volume?
+/- .5 liters
37
epithelial cells with membrane at outer surface
alveolus
38
consist of endothelial cells, basement membrane
pulmonary capillaries
39
what does the thin respiratory membrane consist of?
alveolar epithelium + pulmonary epithelium + membranes
40
oxygens flows into ____ _____
pulmonary capillaries
41
carbon dioxide flows out into _____
alveoli
42
what is kept within tolerable ranges by the urinary system
extracellular fluid
43
water and solutes are added by:
1. absorption from liquid and solid foods
2. metabolism
3. respiration
44
water and solutes are lost by:
1. urinary excretion
2. evaporation from respiratory surfaces
3. sweat
4. elimination in feces
45
kidneys are composed of?
a cortex and a medulla
46
what is the function of kidneys?
filter water, mineral ions, organic wastes, and other substances from the blood
47
what happens to the 1% that does not return to the blood?
it turns into urine
48
fluid that rids the body of water and solutes that are not needed
urine
49
tubular channel between the kidney and the urinary bladder
ureter
50
muscular sac that stores urine
urinary bladder
51
muscular tube leading from bladder to the outside of the body
urethra
52
basic functional unit of the kidney
nephrons
53
slender tubules that extend from the kidney cortex down through the medulla
nephrons
54
what happens at the nephrons?
water and solutes are filtered from blood
55
where will most water and solutes be reclaimed?
in the peritubular cap
56
where does each nephron start?
Bowman's capsule
57
what is the blood filtering unit inside the Bowman's capsule?
glomerulus
58
pressure filters blood by forcing water and solutes out of the glomerular capillaries
filtration
59
solutes and water which move of the nephron tubules are absorbed into the peritubular capillaries and return to general circulation
reabsorption
60
solutes from the peritubular capillaries are secreted into the nephron opposite of reabsorption
secretion
61
- water and solutes that were not reabsorbed, or were secreted into the tubule, flow into the renal pelvis
- eliminated from the body by the urinary tract
excretion
62
release water and some solutes (urea)
sweat glands
63
removes salts and heavy metals (lead) from the blood
large intestine
64
remove carbon dioxide, water, and alcohol from the blood - exhaled
lungs
65
products secreted into the bloodstream by endocrine glands
hormones
66
what is the function of hormones?
regulate processes such as maintenance, growth, and reproduction
67
in forebrain, synthesizes 2 hormones which are conveyed to the pituitary gland (oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone)
hypothalamus
68
master gland at the base of the hypothalamus - anterior lobe, posterior lobe
pituitary gland
69
secretes two hormones synthesized in the hypothalamus
posterior lobe
70
responsible for reabsorption of water from the nephron
antidiuretic hormone
71
responsible for labor contractions and milk letdown
oxytocin
72
produces and secretes its own hormones
anterior lobe
73
FSH
follicle stimulating hormone
74
what does FSH do in females?
causes follicles to mature
75
what does FSH do in males?
stimulates testes to produce sperm
76
LH
luteinizing hormone
77
what does LH do in females?
ovulation, formation of corpus luteum
78
what does LH do in males?
causes testes to produce testosterone
79
TSH
thyroid stimulating hormone
80
stimulates the thyroid gland to produce hormones
thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
81
ACTH
adrenocorticotropic hormone
82
stimulates cortex of adrenal glands to produce cortisol
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
83
responsible for milk production in females
prolactin
84
growth hormone
somatotropin
85
inner part of the adrenal gland
adrenal medulla
86
- increase heart rate
- direct more blood to the heart and muscle cells
- "fight or flight" response
epinephrine and norepinephrine
87
secretes cortisol - raises blood glucose levels
adrenal cortex
88
located at the base of the trachea
thyroid gland
89
secretes thyroxine - regulates metabolism
thyroid gland
90
without _____, blood levels in the thyroid drop
iodine
91
can cause adults to be overweight, dry skinned, confused, and depressed
hypothyroidism
92
can cause hypothyroidism
low levels of blood in the thyroid
93
causes increased heart rate, elevated blood pressure, profuse sweating, and weight loss
hyperthyroidism
94
can cause hyperthyroidism
high levels of blood in the thyroid
95
promotes the deposition of calcium into the bone
calcitonin
96
raises blood calcium levels (goes from bone to blood)
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
97
raises blood glucose levels
glucagon
98
causes glucose uptake by the muscle and adipose cells from the blood
- lowers blood glucose levels
insulin
99
insulin deficiency which causes glucose to accumulate in the blood, then in urine
diabetes mellitus
100
1. urination becomes excessive and the body becomes dehydrated
2. without glucose body cells begin depleting their own fats and proteins as sources of energy
diabetes mellitus
101
juvenile onset diabetes
Type 1 diabetes
102
1. lymphocytes destroy insulin secreting cells
| 2. insulin shots required
Type 1 Diabetes
103
cells produce less insulin
type 2 diabetes
104
1. usually emerges during middle ages
| 2. can often be controlled with diet and taking prescription drugs
type 2 diabetes
105
secretes testosterone
testes
106
- development of secondary sex characteristics
- promotes development of sperm
- responsible for sex drive in males
testosterone
107
produce estrogen and progesterone
ovaries
108
produces secondary sex characteristics and maintains pregnancy
estrogen
109
maintains the uterine lining for pregnancy
progesterone
110
located superior to the heart
thymus
111
causes the maturation of lymphocytes
thymosin hormones
112
produces melatonin
Pineal gland
113
large during childhood, but absent in adults
thymus
114
1. delays the onset of sexual maturity
| 2. regulates biorhythms such as day and night activity cycles
melatonin
