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Bio > Exam #2 ch. 6 > Flashcards

Exam #2 ch. 6 Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

bioenergetics

A

focuses on how cells transform energy

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2
Q

metabolism

A

all the chemical reactions that occur within an organism to maintain life

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3
Q

metabolic pathway

A

a series of chemical reactions that breakdown or build up molecules in the body

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4
Q

anabolism

A

the process of building complex molecules from simpler molecules

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5
Q

catabolism

A

metabolic process where large molecules are broken into smaller units, releasing energy

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6
Q

kinetic energy

A

a form of energy an object has due to motion

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7
Q

potential energy

A

stored energy an object has because of its placement or arrangement

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8
Q

cellular respiration

A

process by which your cells break down macromolecules to produce ATP

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9
Q

chemical energy

A

energy stored in the bonds of atoms and molecules

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10
Q

free energy

A

the amount of energy available within a system to preform work

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11
Q

exergonic

A

a chemical reaction that releases energy

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12
Q

endergonic

A

requires an input of energy to proceed

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13
Q

thermodynamics

A

relations between heat, work, temperature, and energy

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14
Q

electron carriers

A

donating electrons,

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15
Q

anabolic reactions

A

consume energy

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16
Q

catabolic reactions

A

release energy

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17
Q

photosynthesis and cellular respiration are…

A

anabolic reactions

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18
Q

What is the relationship between kinetic energy and potential energy?

A

potential energy can be turned into kinetic energy when an object starts moving

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19
Q

How is chemical energy related to potential energy?

A

chemical energy is a form of potential energy that is stored within the bonds of atoms and molecules

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20
Q

ATP

A

adenosine triphosphate

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21
Q

NADH

A

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

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22
Q

NADPH

A

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

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23
Q

What is the first law of thermodynamics?

A

energy can’t be created or destroyed, but can change forms

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24
Q

What is the second law of thermodynamics?

A

the total entropy of a system either increases or remains constant in any spontaneous process; it never decreases

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25
Much of the energy lost from every transfer of energy is lost in what form?
unusable energy
26
what is the main currency of energy common to all living organisms? why do cells need this energy currency?
ATP, cells need this currency of energy because it provides readily available energy
27
What is the basic molecular structure of AMP? What 3 molecules is it composed of?
AMP: adenine, ribose, and one phosphate group
28
How does a molecule of AMP differ from ADP or ATP?
having only one phosphate group
29
Which of the bonds in the ATP molecule store the majority of transferable chemical energy
bonds between phosphate groups
30
What is phosphorylation?
adding a phosphate group to an organic compound
31
What is dephosphorylation?
removing phosphate groups from a molecule
32
What is energy coupling?
energy released is used to drive an endergonic relation
33
In human (and most animals) cells, a large percentage of ATP is spent powering what pump?
sodium-potassium pump
34
Why is the ATP molecule so unstable?
3 negatively charged phosphates in its tail that repel each other
35
Is the regeneration of ATP from ADP exergonic or endergonic?
endergonic
36
activation energy
energy needed to start a chemical reaction
37
catalyst
speeds up chemical reaction within an organism without being consumed
38
enzyme
protein that speeds up chemical reaction in a living organism
39
substrate
a surface/ substance that an organism lives on or enzyme acts on
40
denaturation
process where a protein or nucleic acid unfolds and loses its structure
41
cofactor
a non-protein chemical compound or metallic ion that is essential for an enzyme's activity
42
coenzyme
organic molecule that works with an enzyme to catalyze a biochemical reaction.
43
What factors determine the rate of an enzymatic reaction?
concentration, substrate, temperature, pH
44
Does a higher activation energy result in a faster or slower reaction rate?
slower
45
What is the source of activation energy for most chemical reactions?
heat energy from the surrounding environment
46
Why does increased temperature increase the rates of reaction?
causes reactant molecules to move faster
47
Cellular reactions cannot use heat energy from their surroundings as activation energy. why not
temperature is too uniform
48
How does an enzyme catalyze a reaction? How does it lower the activation energy?
binding to reactant molecules at the active site
49
What is the “active site” and what properties give it its specificity?
a region on an enzyme where a substrate molecule undergoes a chemical reaction
50
Name some environmental changes that might denature an enzyme.
extreme temperature, change in pH, exposure to chemicals, high salt concentration
51
What happens to enzymes once they have catalyzed a reaction?
remains unchanged, ready to catalyze another reaction
52
What is competitive inhibition?
one molecule prevents another molecule from binding to an enzyme
53
What is non-competitive inhibition?
a molecule bonds to a site on an enzyme distinct from the active site
54
What is allosteric inhibition?
molecule binds to an enzymes allosteric site
55
How does allosteric inhibition differ from allosteric activation?
allosteric inhibition "turns off" an enzyme where as allosteric activation "turns it on"
56
What is the purpose of cofactors and coenzymes?
assist enzymes in carrying out their catalytic functions
57
How do cofactors and coenzymes assist in the regulation of enzymatic reactions?
acting as essential non-protein components that must be present for many enzymes to function properly
58
How is compartmentalization used by eukaryotic cells to regulate chemical reactions?
physically separating different biochemical processes within the cell
59
compartmentalization of enzymes.
storing enzymes in specific parts of the cell
60

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