EXAM 2 - CHAPTER 6 Flashcards
(92 cards)
1
Q
compact, shaft, long part of bone
A
diaphysis
2
Q
spongy end of bone
A
epiphysis
2
Q
where diphysis joins epiphysis or the growth plate
A
metaphysis
3
Q
space inside diaphysis which contains marrow
A
medullary cavity
4
Q
inner lining of medullary cavity
A
endosteum
5
Q
connective tissue covering bone
A
periosteum
6
Q
thin layer of hyaline cartilage covers epiphyses
A
articular cartilage
7
Q
haversian system found in compact bone
A
osteon
8
Q
examples of compact bone
A
humerusm radius, tibia fibula
9
Q
rings of hard calcified matrix
A
lamella
10
Q
carries lymphatics blood vessels and nerve fibers
A
central canal
11
Q
Volkmann’s canals
A
branch from central
12
Q
the osteocytes have ____ which are in ____
A
canaliculi cell extensions
lacunae (keeps cells from falling in )
13
Q
the cell extensions in osteocytes do what?
A
connect cells and allow them to communicate
14
Q
spongy bone is made up of __
A
trabeculae
15
Q
irregular lattice work of thin bone plates, spaces filled with marrow
A
trabeculae
16
Q
trabeculae allow spongy bone to be ___ and good for ___
A
lighter
compression
17
Q
examples of spongy bone
A
hips ribs vertebrae epiphysis
18
Q
bones have abundant __ and _
A
blood and nerve supply
19
Q
generate osteoblasts/cytes
A
osteogenic progenitor cells
20
Q
produce matrix and cant divide
A
osteblasts
21
Q
in lacunae and come from osteoblasts, just for maintenance
A
osteocytes
22
Q
bone breakers, have sysosomes, resportion “repair and remodeling”
A
osteoclasts
23
Q
organic part of matrix, includes proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and collagen
A
osteoid
24
in bones, the o's are __
organic components
25
mineral salts harden/calcify matrix
hydroxyapatites
26
limb support trunk shows that bones __
support
27
skull surrounds brain shows that bones __
protect
28
skeletal muscles shows that bones have ___
movement
29
calcium and phosphate being able to move in and out of bone show that bones have __
mineral storage
30
hematopoiesis shows that bones have __
blood cell formation and red marrow
31
fat in adults shows that bones have the function of ___
energy storage and yellow marrow
32
osteogensis imperfecta
lack of protein that covers easy break
33
where and when does intramembranous ossification occur
the flat bones, 5th week
34
development from fibrous embryonic membranes, directly from mesenchyme no cartilage
intramembranous ossification
35
step by step of intramembranous ossification
1. osteogenic cell scluster along embryonic membranes, differentiate into osteoblasts
2. osteoblsts secrete matrix (protein synthesis for export)
3. osteoblasts turn to mature osteocytes in lacunae
4. outer spongy is remodelled into hard compact bone, inner remains spongy
36
most bones of skeleton use hyaline cartilage for patterns
endochondral ossification
37
when does chondroblast formation occur
6th week
38
what happens in chondroblast formation
1. stem cells differentiate into chondroblast, then chondrocuyes
2. becomes hyaline cartilage (template for bone)
3. perichondrium develops around cartilage
39
where does 1st ossification occur
in diaphysis (shaft of long bone)
40
how is peristene bud made
blood vessels penetrate near middle
41
in 1st ossification osteogenic cells turn into __
osteoblast
42
what do the osteoblasts secrete and then what happens
secrete matrix and turn to osteocytes
43
___ of cartilage causes__ and makes room for ___
calcification, death, more blood vessels and bone cells
44
what direction does 1st ossification occur
inward from bone surface
45
removal of spongy bone by osteoclasts
medularry cavity remodelling
46
when does 2nd ossification occur
around birth
47
osteoblast migration from diaphysis toward epiphysis
2nd ossification
48
what is formed in 2nd ossification
calcification, osteoid, and osteocytes
49
in 2nd ossification epiphyses are ___ and hyaline cartialge remains ___
spongy
cartilage
50
bone growth is __ growth, the bone replacing __
cartilage
51
longitudal growth
interstitial growth
52
in interstitial growth, chondrocytes at top of epiphsyeal plate, ___ ___, and the old cartilage below ___, becomes invaded by ___ and becomes bone
divide quickly
calcifies
osteoblasts
53
widening of bones
appositional growth
54
in appositional growth, osteoblast beneath ___ create new ___ formed along outer surface of diaphysis
peritoneum
osteons
55
in appositional growth, there is more ____activity than ___ so the bone is thicker and stronger
osteoblast
osteoclast
56
pre-puberty
human growth (hGH) from anterior pituitary
57
ovaries secrete estrogen, testes secrete testosterone
puberty
57
what dictates bone remodeling
osteoblast and osteoclast activity
58
the distal part of femur is replaced every ____ months
5-6
59
hormonal control is important in synaptic transmission, ___ , ____ ,and cell division
muscle contraction
blood clotting
60
blood calcium concentration is maintained at ___-
9-11 mg%
61
where is the parathyroid hormone located
parathyroid gland
62
what is the stimulus of the parathyroid hormone
stimulated by low blood calcium
63
what is the effect of the PTH
causes osteoblasts to resorb bone which moves calcium into blood
increase in kidney function to save calcium and make calcitrol
64
65
where is calcitonin located
secreted by the parafollicular cells of thyroid
66
what is the stimulus of calcitonin release
high blood calcium
67
what is the effect of calcitonin release
theres a decrease of bone resorption and a increase in calcium deposit in bone matrix which decreases blood calcium
68
clean break
simple (closed)
69
break portrudes through skin
compound (open)
70
bone fragments into many pieces
comminuted
71
crushed
compression
72
bone is twisted apart
spiral
73
growth plate separation
epiphyseal
74
pressed inward
depressed
75
incomplete break (like a live branch)
greenstick
76
bone blood vessels hemorrhage then clot
hematoma
77
what are some symptoms of hematoma
swelling inflammation and pain
78
capillaries grow, WBCs and osteoclasts clean up and soften clot
procallus formatoin
79
after clot is softened, fibroblasts tie broken ends with ____ fibers
collagen
80
the collagen fibers help to form ___
fibrocartilage
81
osteoblasts and osteoclasts convert area to spongy bone
osseous (hard) callus formation
82
thickening at the fracture site
remodeling
83
say repair process
1. hematoma formation
2. procallus formation
3. osseous (hard) callus formation
4. remodeling
84
bones become porous and lighter (spine, neck of femur and broken hip vulnerable )
osteoporosis
85
what are some things that make you predisposed to osteoporosis
aged postmenopausal women
insufficient exercise
low calcium and protein intake
smoking and reducing estrogen levels
carbonated drinks/alcohol leaches minerals out
86
what are some ways to treat osteoporosis
supplement calcium and vitamin D
increase weight baring exercise
medication to suppress osteoclasts
raloxifene
87
what disease bones inadequately mineralized in adults or children so soft
osteomalacia and rickets
88
what happens with osteomalacia and rickets
weight baring bones deformed without calcium to harden matrix
89
what causes rickets and osteomalacia
lack of vitamin D which normally increases calcium absorption from gut
90
how to treat osteomalacia and rickets
drink vitamin D fortified milk
