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A&P 1 > EXAM 2 - CHAPTER 9 > Flashcards

EXAM 2 - CHAPTER 9 Flashcards

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1
Q

skeletal muscles, striated, voluntary

A

skeletal

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2
Q

contraction of skeletal muscles working against skeleton

A

movement

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3
Q
A
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4
Q

functions of muscle tissues

A

movement
maintain posture
stabilize joints
generate heat

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5
Q

ability to receive and respond to a stimulus

A

excitability/responsiveness

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6
Q

able to shorten when stimulated

A

contractibility

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7
Q

ability to be stretched, even beyond resting length

A

extensibility

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8
Q

resume resting length after stretch

A

elasticity

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9
Q

dense fibrous connective, close, outer layer surrounds entire whole muscle

A

fascia/epimysium

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10
Q

collagen, separates muscle fibers into fascicle

A

perimysium

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11
Q

bundle of muscle fibers, covered by perimysium

A

fascicle

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12
Q

endomysium

A

areolar connective, surrounds individual fibers

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13
Q

muscle cell membrane

A

sarcolemma

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14
Q

sarcoplasm

A

cytoplasm

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15
Q

multiple __ and __ are found in muscle cells

A

nuclei and mitochondria

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16
Q

threadlike parallel, fundamental in muscle contraction

A

myofibrils

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17
Q

what are myofibrils composed of

A

sarcomeres

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18
Q

what do sarcomeres contain

A

myofilaments actin and myosin

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19
Q

what is the end boundary of a sarcomere

A

z-disc

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20
Q

attached at z-disc, light thin bands

A

actin

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21
Q

thick center bands that are dark

A

myosin

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22
Q

inhibitory polypeptides that surround actin

A

tropanin and topomyosin

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23
Q

specialized smooth ER, network of channels running parallel to myofibrils, store calcium

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

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24
Q

rabbit hole that electric impulses travel through in the sarcolemma

A

transverse t tubules

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25
what activates muscle contraction
sarcoplasmic reticulum and transverse t tubules
26
muscle cell version of hemoglobin, stores O2 high affinity
myoglobin
27
nerve cell meets muscle fiber, contraction occurs only when muscle fiber is stimulated by this
motor neuron
28
connection between two synapse
neuromusclar junction
29
space in between synapse
synaptic cleft
30
specialized region of sarcolemma that is folded and contains many mitochondria
motor end plate
31
synaptic vesicles containing neurotransmitters are exocytized, release NT from end of motor neuron onto muscle fiver
synaptic transmission
32
action potential
electrochemcial signal
33
calcium enters, stimulate __ release
NT
34
inhibits release of acetylcholine and no muscle contraction
botulinous toxin
35
opens Na and K channels which allows action potentials to propogate over entire muscle fiber
two ach receptors per channel
36
ach receptors attacked by immune system generates muscle weakness
myasthenia gravis
37
where is muscle impulse generated
over sarcolemma and through t tubules into fiber
38
____ diffuses from sarcoplasmic reticulum in response to activated t tubules, into ___
calcium, carcoplasm
39
diffusion of calcium allows actin and myosin to ___
contract
40
enzyme that causes Ach breakdown at NMJ
acetylcholinesterase
41
ACh-ase causes muscle fiber to ___
turn back to resting state
42
how is calcium removed from sarcoplasm
active transport
43
when calcium leaves, actin and myosin bonds__
are broken
44
in presence of ___ troponin moves tromyosin to allow actin to bind to the __ of myosin, what is this called
calcium ratchet crossbridge formation
45
when the actin bind to the ratchet it pulls ___ close together and shortens the ___
z-lines , sarcomere
46
What energy is necessary from release and reset
ATP
47
ATP-ase binding site is found on
head of myosin
48
why does rigor mortis occur
inzrease in calcium permeability and ATP depletion so filaments cannot release
49
need given stimulus strength to cause contraction
threshold stimulus
50
once over threshold stimulus, contraction is complete for 1 muscle fiber
all or none response
51
can vary strength of contraction by changing # or type of fibers stimulated
recruitment
52
twitch contraction has -
lag period contraction period - fast relaxation period - putting calcium back into SR or breakdown of ACH- esterase
53
skeletal fibers at __ resting length where actin and myosin can form most crossbridges
optimum length tension relationship
54
high myoglobin many capallaries many mitochondria slow acting myosin atpases fatigue slowly, high endurance, low power
slow oxidative fibers slow twitch red fibers
55
high myoglobin more capallaries many mitochondria fast acting myosin ATPases fatigue slowly intermediate endurance and power
fast oxidative fibers fast twitch A red fibers
56
low myoglobin few capallaries few mitochondria contain large amounts of glycogen generate ATP anaerobic fatigue quickly, low endurance, high power
fast glycolitic fibers fast twitch b fatigable white fibers
57
degeneration of muscle fibers,
muscular dystrophy
58
duchenne
sex linked, affects mostly boys
59
what causes muscular dystophy
bad dystrophin gene causes sarcolemma to tear and the release of calcium kills the cells
60
there has been low success in treating MD with __ __ and __
myoblast, microdystrophin, and utrophin therapies
61
weakness of skeletal muscles due to autoimmune disorder which attacks ach receptors
myasthenia gravis
62
how is MG treated
anti ACH esterase drugs keeping ach in NMJ longer

A&P 1 (7 decks)

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