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MCB 2610 > EXAM 2- Chapter 7 Part 1 > Flashcards

EXAM 2- Chapter 7 Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the required elements for growth?

A

Macronutrients
Micronutrients

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2
Q

Macronutrients

A

CHONPS- used to make macromolecules
Potassium, sodium, magnesium, calcium, and iron- needed in higher abundance; to make enzyme cofactors

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3
Q

Micronutrients

A

(trace elements)
Mn, Zn, Co, Mo, Ni, and Cu
also used for enzyme cofactors

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4
Q

Electron acquisition- two types

A

organotrophs
lithotrophs

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5
Q

Organotrophs

A

acquire their electrons from organic molecules

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6
Q

Lithotrophs

A

“rock eaters”
acquire their electrons from inorganic sources
Ex. Hydrogen, sulfur, ammonia

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7
Q

Energy acquisition- two types

A

Phototrophs
chemotrophs

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8
Q

Phototrophs

A

Capture light energy to produce ATP

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9
Q

Chemotrops

A

capture energy from oxidation of reduced organic and inorganic compounds
(chemicals)

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10
Q

Carbon acquisition- two types

A

Autotrophs
Hetertrophs

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11
Q

Autotrophs

A

assimilate carbon from inorganic sources
most commonly CO2

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12
Q

Heterotrophs

A

assimilate carbon in pre-exisiting organic form
most commonly sugars and Amino Acids

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13
Q

T/F: Some microorganisms can use the same source for acquisition of all three

A

True
glucose is an example of this

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14
Q

Mixotroph

A

microorganism that has great metabolic felxability and alter their metabolism in response to environmental changes
Can change nutritional type

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15
Q

Where are mixotrophs commonly found?

A

Environments that are constantly changing

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16
Q

Why can’t every microorganism be a mixotroph?

A
  • Have to encode extra pathways in the genome- this takes up more space and slows replications
  • can be taken over by microorganisms that replicate faster
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17
Q

Importance of Sulfur

A

amino acids and coenzymes

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18
Q

How is sulfur obtained?

A
  1. Amino acid- cysteine and methionine
  2. Sulfate through assimilatory sulfate reduction
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19
Q

Assimilatory sulfate reduction

A

sulfate into sulfite into hydrogen sulfide

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20
Q

Importance of Phosphorus

A

nucleic acids, phospholipids, coenzymes, and some proteins

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21
Q

Phosphorus sources

A
  1. inorganic phosphate: produced when ATP is hydrolyzed
  2. organic molecules: that contain phosphoryl group
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22
Q

Importance of Nitrogen

A

amino acids, purines/pyrimidines, some carbs/lipids, and enzyme cofactors

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23
Q

Nitrogen sources

A
  1. metabolism of amino acids, nitrates, and ammonia in atmosphere
  2. Nitrogen Fixation
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24
Q

What are growth Factors

A

organic compounds that cannot be synthesized by an organism but are essential for growth

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25
Where do growth factors usually come from?
the environment
26
Why are growth factors important?
Microorganisms need them to grow and live If trying to grow microorganisms in lab, these must be supplied to the media
27
Three classes of growth factors and what they are used for
1. amino acids- protein synthesis 2. purines/pyrimidines- nucleic acid synthesis 3. Vitamins- enzyme cofactors (needed in small amounts)
28
How does nutrient concentration relate to growth?
Growth rate is depended on amounts of nutrients in environment One key nutrient available at lowest amount determines how much growth
29
Why is oxygen important in growth
WHen using oxygen it creates reactive oxygen species (ROS) Microbrial growth in oxygen is determined by what defenses are available to protect from ROS
30
Reactive Oxygen Species
Oxygen is easily reduced to its toxic reactive species contain unpaired electrons can be toxic to cells and damaging to macromolecules
31
Anaerobe
growth occurs without oxygen
32
Aerotolerant anaerobes
aren't harmed by oxygen but do not use it either
33
Obligate anaerobe
cannot grow in presence of oxygen Oxygen will kill them
34
Faculative anerobe
CAN use oxygen but can also grow in its absence Prefer oxygen when it is present
35
Aerobe
growth in the presence of oxygen
36
Obligate aerobe
require oxygen
37
For aerobes how is oxygen used?
terminal electron acceptor in the electron transport chain
38
Microaerophiles
grow best when there is less oxygen than normal
39
Where are microaerophiles commonly found?
Water High altitudes
40
ROS are
superoxide radical hydrogen peroxide hydroxyl radical
41
How are ROS "cleaned" up
Aerobes produce enzymes that protect against these toxic O2 products
42
Examples of enzymes that protect against ROS
superoxide dismutase catalase peroxidase
43
What are the products of superoxide dismultase and ROS?
O2 and H2O2
44
What are the products of catalase and ROS?
2H2O and O2
45
What are the products of Peroxidase and ROS?
2H2O and NAD+
46
What do strict anaerobes lack?
superoxide dismutase catalase
47
Two methods to create anerobic work environment
1. Work station with incubator 2. Gaspak anaerobic system
48
Anaerobic workstation
- larger and more permanent - Has a vacuum lock and pumps in H,N, and CO2 - contains a desiccant - contains palladium crystals as a neutralizing agent
49
What does a desiccant do?
Reacts with hydrogen and oxygen to from water Removes oxygen from the air
50
Gaspak
- Contains desiccant and palladium pelets - Gas generator envelope - Anaerobic indicator strip
51
What does Gas generator envelope do?
water is added to chemicals to generate H2 and CO2
52
What does Anaerobic indicator strip do?
methylene blue becomes colorless in the presence of O2
53
Acidophiles
optimal growth in a pH below 5.5 (acidic)
54
Neutrophiles
optimal growth in pH between 5.5 and 8.5
55
Alkalophiles
optimal growth in pH above 8.5 (basic)
56
Psychrophiles and where they're found?
optimal growth between 0-20 C artic
57
Psychrotrophs and where they're found
optimal growth between 0-35C artic
58
Mesophiles and where theyre found
optimal growth between 20-45 C usually found in human body
59
Thermophiles
optimal growth between 55-85 C
60
Hyperthermophiles
optimal growth between 85-113C
61
Where are thermophiles and hyperthermophiles commonly found?
hot water lines compost piles thermal vents volcanos
62
What are adaptations to high solute concentrations?
Halophiles Extreme Halophiles Compatible solutes
63
Halophiles
grow optimally in the presence of NaCl (or other salts) at concentrations above 0.2M Can withstand and require living in hypertonic environment
64
Extreme Halophiles
Require salt concentrations of 2-6.2M
65
Compatible solutes
molecules that can be kept at high internal salt concentrations
66
Adaptations to temperatures
1. protein structure stabilized by a variety of means 2. histone-like proteins stabilize DNA 3. membrane stabilized by a variety of means
67
How is protein structure stabilized?
Charged amino acids high proline levels more H bonding Production of a chaperone
68
What is a Chaperone
A molecule that binds to regular molecules and can hold structure at high temps
69
T/F: bacteria produce histones
FALSE
70
How are membranes stabilized?
Ether linkages Phospholipid tails
71
Osmotic concentration
Concentration of water NOT solutes
72
Hypotonic solutions
higher osmotic concentration outside cell- high water and low solute water enters cell Cell swells and may burst
73
mechanosensitive channels
closed most of the time If they sense pressure from swelling- they will open and release
74
Hypertonic solution
lower osmotic concentration outside- low water and high solute water leaves cell membrane shrinks from cell wall plasmolysis may occur

MCB 2610 (24 decks)

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