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MCB 2610 > Exam 4- Chapter 8 Part 1 > Flashcards

Exam 4- Chapter 8 Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Each DNA nucleotide building block consists of:

A

5-carbon sugar
phosphate group attached to 5-carbon sugar
Nitrogen base added to the 1’ carbon of the sugar

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2
Q

nucleotide pairing

A

A pairs with T to form 2 H bonds
C pairs with G to form 3 H bonds

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3
Q

What bond forms the sugar phosphate backbone of each strand

A

phosphodiester

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4
Q

Structure of DNA for bacteria

A

singular circular chromosome (no histones)

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5
Q

Structure of DNA for archaea

A

singular circular chromosome packaged around a histone
histone is tetramere

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6
Q

Structure of DNA for Eukarya

A

multiple linear chromosomes packaged around histones
histones are octomere

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7
Q

Relationship between DNA, RNA , protein

A

DNA is divided into genes
transcrition yields mRNA copy of specific genes
translation uses information from mRNA to synthesize protein

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8
Q

Griffiths experiment

A

Smooth (s) and rough (r) strains of S. pneumoniae
Heat killed S strains released something into the environment that R strains can pick up and become pathogenic

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9
Q

What caused S strains to have this transforming factor

A

capsule

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10
Q

What did Griffiths experiment tell us

A

There was some transforming factor that can be passed
pointed out that DNA could contribute hereditary information

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11
Q

Avery MacLeod and McCarty experiment

A

Took R strains with heat kille dS
had three plates, each with protease, RNase, or DNase
which degraded their respective molecule

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12
Q

What happened to protease plate

A

colonies still formed
There was still conversation

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13
Q

What happened to the RNase plate

A

colonies still formed
there was still conversion

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14
Q

What happened to DNase plate

A

no colonies formed

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15
Q

What was the purpose of Avery MacLeod and McCarty experiment

A

to determine if DNA, RNA, or protein was responsible for the transformation effect in Griffith’s experiment

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16
Q

Hershey Chase experiment

A

use radioactive labeling of protein or DNA component in bacteriophage
Let labeled phages infect bacterial cells
Only DNA-labeled phage when into bacterial cells

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17
Q

DnaA

A

binds to 9 base pair repeat in Ori-C and induces a conformational change

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18
Q

DnaB

A

helicase
unwinds double strand

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19
Q

DnaC

A

healicase loader
brings DnaB to where it needs to go

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20
Q

DNA gyrase

A

removes tension by knicking strand allowing DnaB to work better

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21
Q

DnaG

A

primase
lays down RNA primer to give free 3’ OH

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22
Q

SSB proteins

A

Stabilize single strands so they are not degraded and do not retwist

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23
Q

Okazki fragments

A

lagging strand still has to be transcribed from 5’-3’
Okazaki fragments allow this to still happen

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24
Q

DNA polymerase

A

high fidelity enzyme-proofreading
removes mismatched base by exonuclease activity

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25
DNA ligase
binds together gaps so there are no holes in DNA strands
26
ter sites/tus
tus proteins bind to ter sites on circular chromosomes stopping elongation DNA polymerase is blocked by ter and dissociates
27
telomers/telomerase activity
5' end of compliment strand cannot be extended by DNA polymerase By extending telomerase compliment strand can get synthesized from 5'-3'
28
Bacterial gene structure
coding information in a gene is normally continuous mRNA is mature
29
Gene structure of eukaryotic cells
Exons are interrupted by introns that must be spliced mRNA is not fully mature
30
Difference between RNA and DNA
mRNA is single stranded and less stable RNA can take secondary structure RNA contains ribose sugar and uracil instead of deoxyribose sugar and thymine
31
what direction is DNA replicated
5'-3' direction
32
What direction is DNA read
3'-5' direction
33
Promoter-transcription
signals which strand is going to be the template strand
34
Prinbow box
bacterial promoter region for transcription composed of As and Ts start site for RNA pol
35
RNA polymerase
unwinds DNA moves along template forming transcription bubble synthesizes mRNA
36
Sigma factor
interacts with core enzyme to form RNA pol holoenzyme complex directs core RNA pol enzyme to different genes as needed
37
core enzyme
region of DNA polymerase Holoenzyme complex contains catalytic activity strands of DNA sits in core enzyme and are held on by beta clamp
38
Rho
protein used for rho-depended termination of bacterial transcription
39
Role of Rho
binds and moves down strand after RNA polymerase when RNA pol stops and rho catches up it unwinds and RNA pol disassociates
40
hairpin loops
Rho-independent termination of bacterial transcription
41
role of hairpin
RNA pol pauses at terminator causing hairpin loop to form loop is heavy and pulls mRNA away from DNA and disassociated RNA pol
42
Eukaryotic post transcriptional processing- Why
mRNA is not mature after transcription must be sent to cytoplasm for translation SS mRNA is needs to be stabilized
43
Eukaryotic post Transcriptional processing
5' cap added: acts as a start sequence for translation poly A tail introns are spliced and exons are joined
44
Shine Delgarno sequence
promoter region for initiation of translation in mRNA
45
Degeneracy of code
up to six different codons can code for a single amino acid
46
What does degeneracy of code protect against
mutation
47
Wobble
tRNA have anticodon taht allows for only the first two bases to be exact, the third can be different
48
What does wobble allow for
61 codons to code 20 amino acids saves on genomic space
49
tRNA characteristic structure
cloverleaf shape anticodon arm- which contains anticodon acceptor arm- where amino acids are added on
50
Amino acid activation
Attachment of amino acid into tRNA catalyzed by aminoacyl-tRNA syntheses Amino acid + tRNA + ATP form a high-energy bond
51
Ribosomal RNA functions
contributes structure of ribosomes 30 ribosomal binding site- contains complementary sequence to Shine-Delgarno and binds IF3 50S- ribozyme stitches amino acids together
52
Transpeptidation reaction
Amino group of A site amino acid reacts with the carboxyl group of the C-terminal amino acid on P site The peptide chain is transferred from the P site to the A site
53
translocation
peptidyl-tRNA moves from A site to P site ribosome moves down one codon The empty tRNA leaves the P site for the E site
54
Direction of synthesis for translation
N-terminus to C-terminus
55
Why is translation very fast
single stranded mRNA is not very stable and degrades quickly
56
Site of translation in eukaryotes
ribosome
57
Why cant translation occur without both subunits?
The translational domain responsible for translation is on both subunits
58
Why does bacterial/archaea couple transcription and translation
Do not have a nuclear membrane
59
polyribosome
More than 1 ribosome will translate an mRNA molecule
60
T/F bacterial translation is polyribosoal
TRUE
61
Protein folding
proteins must fold into their secondary/tertiary forms dependent on number of interactions, primary polypeptide sequence and molecular chaperones
62
molecular chaperones
proteins that aid in correct folding of polypeptides
63
How do molecular chaperones work
bind to hydrophobic regions and keep them from binding together Reverses incorrect folding protects cells from thermal damage
64
Protein processing
many proteins have post-translational modification
65
Examples of post-translational modification
phosphorylation adenation methylation
66
Protein transport
signal peptides near N-terminal act as zip codes to direct proteins to correct location once proteins are properly located the signal protein is cleaved
67
Where do prokaryotes send proteins
periplasmic space or secrete
68
Difference in transcription
Prokaryotes: transcription and translation are coupled, uses either rho-dependent or rho-independent for termination Eukaryotes: mRNA must be sent elsewhere to be transcribed, termination is more complex and requires 3 RNA pol.
69
Difference in translation
Prokaryotes: use 3 RF factos and can be polycistronic EukaryotesL only uses 1 RF factor and is monocistronic
70
Why is bacterial mRNA polycistronic
it contains multiple Shine-delgarno sequences
71
Why is Eukaryal mRNA monocistronic
initiation is signaled by 5' cap and there is only 1

MCB 2610 (24 decks)

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