Exam 2: Chapters 4 & 5 Flashcards

Question

TYPES OF EPITHELIAL CELLS

Answer 1

* Simple Squamous Epi * Simple Cuboidal Epi * Simple Columnar Epi * Stratified Squamous Epi * Stratified Cuboidal Epi * Stratified Columnar Epi * Psedudostratified Columnar Epi * Stratified Transitional Epi

Answer 2

– lining of blood and lymphatic vessels (endothelium) – small ducts, – alveoli of the lungs, – loop of Henle in kidney tubules, – lining of serous membranes (mesothelium) – inner surface of the eardrum.

Answer 3

* Cilia: move materials across the surface * Microvilli: increase surface area for absorption or secretion * Folds: has transitional epithelium where organs change shape. Example is Urinary system.

Answer 4

Secretion Gland may have cluster of epi. Cells or one epi. Cell (Goblet) This type of Epi. is found deeper 2types of glands Found in the Glandular Epi. A) Endocrine – Ductless (directly into blood) – Ex: Pituitary, adrenal – Secretions are hormones B) Exocrine – Ducts – Digestive glands – Secretions are Digestive juices

Answer 5

– Unicellular: goblet cells – Multicellular Multicellular are classified on the basis of structure (of the ducts) Types of ducts are: – Simple: ducts with few branches – Compound: ducts with many branches • If ducts end in tubules tubular (duodenum) • or sac-like structures: acini.( Pancreas) • If ducts end in simple sacs: alveoli. Lungs

Answer 6

MEROCRINE – No loss of cell or its part or cytoplasm. Secretion leaves by either active transport or exocytosis. – Sweat glands APOCRINE – Fragments of the gland go into the secretion. Apex of cell pinches off. – Mammary glands HOLOCRINE – Whole cell becomes part of secretion. Secretion accumulates in cell, cell ruptures and dies. – Sebaceous glands

Answer 7

Extracellular formed by secretions of both epithelium and connective tissue. Acellular (no cells)“glue- like” **Functions** – Attached to C.T. – Guides cell migration during tissue repair – Acts as a filter membrane in the kidney – Not every epithelium has basement membrane

Answer 8

• A membrane is a thin sheet of tissue – covers a structure or – lines a cavity. • Most membranes are composed of – EPITHELIUM – CONNECTIVE tissue under it. • Types of Membanes – EXTERNAL MEMBRANE of the body • skin – INTERNAL MEMBRANEs (3types) • Mucous Membranes • Serous Membranes)(EX: Pleura, pericardium, peritoneum) • Parietal • visceral • Synovial Membranes

Answer 9

– Consists of Epithelium, basement membrane, lamina propria – Line cavities that open to the outside of body – Secrete **mucus**(note spelling) – Contains **goblet cells**, – EX: Found in respiratory, digestive, urinary and reproductive systems. – Function:, absorption, secretion, protection

Answer 10

– Consists of Mesothelium (simple squamous epi, basement membrane, loose CT) – Line cavities that do not open to exterior – Seacrete Serous fluid – Ex:Pericardial, pleural, peritoneal

Answer 11

– Consist of modified connective tissue cells • 1) mixed with the joint capsule, or • 2)separated from the joint capsule – Line freely movable joints (shoulder, hip) – Produce Synovial fluid rich in hyaluronic acid

Answer 12

examination of organs of a dead body to determine cause of death

Answer 13

removal of tissues for diagnostic purposes

Answer 14

Malignant tumor arising from **Epithelium** that metastasize

Answer 15

Malignant cancer arising from **CT**(bone muscle, blood etc)

Answer 16

• **Def:** Response to tissue damage or an immune response – Mobilizes body’s defenses, – isolates & destroys microorganisms & other agents, – removes foreign material & damaged cells – Helps tissue to repair.

Answer 17

– 1) Redness - rubor – 2) Heat - calor – 3) Swelling - tumor – 4) Pain - dolor – 5) Function disturbance

Answer 18

• released into the tissues from adjacent blood vessels and they result in – induce blood vessel dilation – increase vessel permeability – stimulate pain receptors. – Edema – swelling from the influx of fluid and cells into the tissue. – Isolation of the injury causing agent – Neutrophil infilteration – Thus Healing begins by – Pri. & Sec. Intention

Answer 19

rate of healing & scarring are very different in the elderly than in the young In older people (generally): – 1. Cells divide slowly – 2. Collagen fibers become more irregular & increase in number – 3. Elastic fibers become less elastic – 4. Arterial walls become less elastic & atherosclerosis is prominent – 5. Reduced rate of RBC synthesis

Answer 20

• Def: Substitution of dead cells by the viable cells via – A) regeneration or – B) replacement • **Regeneration:** – new cells – the same type of tissue as that destroyed; – normal function restored • **Replacement:** – new type of tissue develops – scar formation – loss of some function usually occurs \*\*\*Most wounds heal through combination of regeneration & replacement – whichever predominates depends on the tissues involved & the nature & extent of the wound.

Answer 21

Tissue Repair Cells are classified into 3 groups: **– 1. Labile cells: (Regeneration)** • continue to divide throughout life; • Ex Stratum Basale in skin • damage repaired by regeneration **– 2. Stable cells: (Regeneration)** • do not divide after growth ceases, • but retain the ability to divide only in response to injury (regeneration) • Ex Bone cells in fracture **– 3. Permanent cells: (Replacement)** • Do not divide at all • if killed, gets replaced by a different cell type • Ex Cardiac Muscle Cell, Renal Nephron

Answer 22

Depends on: • a. Primary Union (primary intention): – if edges are close together – No Scar • b. Secondary Union (secondary intention): – if edges are not close together due to extensive tissue loss – Scar formed • SCAR: – large amounts of granulation tissue – composed of dense irregular collagen connective tissue

Answer 23

1. -Wound fills with blood; - clot forms, - fibrin binds the edges of the wound together 2. - Scab forms 3. -Inflammatory response ie -redness, heat, swelling(vasodilation & edema), pain, loss of functions -isolation of foreign matter, -neutrophil infilteration 4. -Fibroblasts from CT migrate into clot -Fibroblasts make collagen & other components 5. –Revascularization 6. -Fibrin (clot) broken down - removed 7. -Granulation tissue replaces clot 8. -Usually no scar \*\*Granulation tissue is CT composed of: fibroblasts, collagen & capillaries

Answer 24

1. Similar to primary, but since the edges are further apart, the clot may not close the gap completely 2. Fibroblast invade the dermis and Deposit collagen (granulation tissue) 3. Takes much longer time for the cells to regenerate & cover the wound 4. Inflammatory response is greater (due to increased tissue damage) 5. More granulation tissue forms 6. Wound contraction occurs (ie fibroblasts in granulation tissue contract) 7. Disfiguring scars

Answer 25

Why skin is called a system? • Made of different Organs – Sweat Gland – Sebaceous Gland – Hair Follicles – Nervous receptors etc • Made of different Tissues – Epi – Nervous – Vascular – CT – Adipose etc

Answer 26

**a. Protection:** protects tissues from damage of ultraviolet light from the sun. Also is the first line of defense against microorganisms(bacteria and viruses) and against dehydration. **b. Sensation:** has receptors that can detect heat, cold, touch, pressure and pain. **c. Temperature regulation:** Body temp is controlled by blood flow through the skin and by the activity of sweat glands. **d.Vitamin D production**: When the skin is exposed to UV light, a molecule is produced that will later be taken to the liver, by blood, and transformed into Vit D. Vit D is important in the absorption of calcium in the digestive system and therefore important in the strength of bones, as well as the functionning of the nervous system and blood clotting. **e. Excretion** **f. Immunity** The skin has 2 major regions: the external EPIDERMIS and the deep DERMIS.

Answer 27

• Avascular; • nourished by capillaries of dermis • arranged into layers or strata. • Separated from dermis by basement membrane The epidermis is described as KERATINIZED STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM. It contains different types of cells ie : **• Cell types** **– Keratinocytes:** most cells(90% of all epidermal cells). Produce keratin (protein)for strength. It water proofs the skin to save from dehydration. **– Melanocytes:** contribute to skin color. Melanin (pigment) produced by these cells then transferred to keratinocytes. Same number of melanocytes in all races.It gives UV protection **– Langerhans’ cells:** part of the immune system – Merkel’s cells: Detect light touch, and superficial pressure **• Desquamate (Cells Die):** – cells of the deeper layers undergo mitosis; – as they move toward the surface, older cells slough off **• Keratinization:** as cells move outward (away from blood supply)they fill with keratin

Answer 28

There are 4 to 5 layers (strata) of cells that compose the epidermis, depending where the skin is located. Most of the skin will have only 4 layers. When an area is exposed to friction constantly, like the palms of the hands and the sole of the feet, the epidermis will have a 5th layer. **• Stratum corneum** – 25-30 layers, most superficial and consists of cornified (keratinized) dead squamous cells. Continuously shed & replaced by deeper cells **• Stratum lucidum** – 3-5 layers, thin & clear zone. Found only in palms and soles **• Stratum granulosum** – 3-5 layers, contains keratohyalin. In superficial layers nucleus and other organelles of the Keratinocytes degenerate and dies **• Stratum spinosum** – 8-10 layers, uptake of melanin from melanocytes into keratinocytes occurs. **• Stratum basale (germinitivum)** – Deepest portion of epidermis and single layer, has Melanocytes and Keratinocytes. High mitotic activity that produces new keratinocytes and cells become keratinized and die as they move outwards and upwards away from Basale Layer resulting in the death of nuclei when in stratum corneum. Has desmosomes and hemidesmosomes Junctions

Answer 29

• Thick skin – Has all 5 epithelial strata – Found in areas subject to pressure or friction • Palms of hands, fingertips, soles of feet – Fingerprints and footprints. Papillae of underlying dermis in parallel rows • Thin skin – 4 strata – More flexible than thick skin – Covers rest of body • Callus. Increase in number of layers in stratum corneum. When this occurs over a bony prominence, a corn forms.

Answer 30

3 pigments are responsible for the color of skin. Melanin, carotene and hemoglobin.

Answer 31

**– Melanin:** This is the most important group of pigments in skin, hair and eyes. Melanin molecules have different colors, ranging from yelow to reddish-brown to black. It is also the only one of the 3 pigments that is actually produced in skin cells, the melanocytes. Provides for protection against UV light. Derived from amino acid tyrosine and enzyme tyrosinase. Melanocytes make melanin and present in stratum basale. Complexion and the color of the race depends on amount of melanin and not # of melanocytes Melanin is synthesized from an amino acid, tyrosine,in melanocytes in the presence of an enzyme called TYROSINASE

Answer 32

deficiency or absence of enzyme tyrosinase. Production determined by genetics. Lack of color in skin, hair and eyes

Answer 33

yellow-orange pigment. From vegetables. Accumulates in stratum corneum and in hypodermis (not made by skin).

Answer 34

red pigment in RBC. Carry Oxygen. Gives pink color to caucasian skin.

Answer 35

• Dermis. Gives structural strength. Has C.T. containing fibers like COLLAGEN & ELASTIN , also has fibroblasts (make fibers), macrophages. Contains some adipocytes and blood vessels. • Contains nerves, blood vessels, hair follicles, smooth muscles, glands, and lymphatic vessels. • Sensory functions: pain, itch, tickle, temperature, touch, pressure, two-point discrimination.

Answer 36

a protein that gives connective strength and pliability. The most abundant protein in connective tissue.

Answer 37

also a protein that gives skin stretchability.

Answer 38

The dermis is subdivided into 2 parts: the more superficial papillary region and the deeper reticular region. **– Papillary.** Superficial (outer) 1/5. Areolar with lots of elastic fibers. Dermal papillae, capillary beds. Fingerprints. Whorls of ridges. Corpuscles of Touch (Meissner's Corpuscles Receptors), free nerve endings (Merkels receptors) for sensing pain and light touch **– Reticular:** Deep (inner) 4/5 Dense irregular C.T. Collagen and elastic fibers. In the picture see: some adipose, hair follicles, nerves, oil glands, ducts of sweat glands, heat sensors. Lamellated Pacinian Corpuscles are for deep pressure and deep pain and they are present in the Reticular region of the Dermis.

Answer 39

Glands, nails, and hair

Answer 40

Types of glands are: • Merocrine or Eccrine (sweat) • Apocrine – (Mammary) • Holocrine – (Sebaceous) – Pathology of sebaceous gland is - Acne

Answer 41

These are oil glands which are Holocrine and are located in the dermis and usually connected to hair follicles. The SEBUM from these glands prevents the hair from becoming brittle and breaking and maintains the moisture of the skin. Most empty their secretions into hair follicle however exceptions are lips, meibomian glands of eyelids, genitalia etc

Answer 42

• 1)Merocrine or eccrine. – Most common. – Open directly onto surface of skin. Have own pores. – Coiled part in dermis – Watery sweat. – Numerous in palms and soles – Temperature homeostasis

Answer 43

These are sweat glands located throughout the body. They are of two types traditionally and are called apocrine and Merocrine. However apocrine may secrete in a merocrine or holocrine fashion. 1. Merocrine/eccrine 2. Apocrine 3. Ceruminous glands 4. Mammary glands

Answer 44

**• 2)Apocrine.** – Active at puberty. – Found in axillae, groin, genitalia (external labia, scrotum), around anus. – They become active at time of puberty – Viscous sweat produced during stress and excitement – Secretion odorless but when acted upon by bacteria gives body it’s odor – These glands are influenced by sex hormones. Pheromones: Is a chemical that give rise to odor. They are secreted exterenally by both humans as well as animals (specially insects). Their function is to attract the opposite sex.

Answer 45

– Earwax (cerumen). – Present in external auditory meatus. – modified merocrine sweat glands – Function- In combination with hairs, prevent dirt and insects from entry. Also keep eardrum supple.

Answer 46

– modified apocrine sweat glands. – Located in breasts – Produce milk – Controlled by hormones

Answer 47

These are plates of tightly packed, hard, keratinized cells that lie over epidermis of the dorsal , distal portion of digits. Nails grow from the base and do not have a resting period. **• Anatomy** – Lunula : thickened area of the nail that is mitotically active – Nail body: stratum corneum – Eponychium or cuticle is corneum superficial to nail body, hyponychium is corneum beneath the free edge – Matrix and nail bed: cells that give rise to the nail – Nail root: extends under the skin **• Growth** – Grow continuously unlike hair – Fingernails grow 0.5-1.2 mm/day; faster than toenails

Answer 48

• Found everywhere on human body except palms, soles, lips, nipples, parts of external genitalia, and distal segments of fingers and toes • Main function is protection, associated with temp (goose bumps) and sensation. • A hair is composed of columns of dead keratinized ep. cells • Shaft protrudes above skin surface • Root located below surface • base of root/ follicle, is the hair BULB - **The hair bulb is also called matrix. It has only 2 layers ie stratum Basale and Stratum Spinosum. Hair bulb has both Keratinocytes and Melanocytes. This area is mitotically active. It is present near the base of the follicle or near the hair root. It is surrounded by internal matrix** • Surrounding the hair is Hair Follicle • Sebaceous glands are closely associated with the hair follicle • ARRECTOR PILI is a smooth muscle that will lift the hair when it contracts, causing “goose bumps” in humans. • Hair has 3 concentric layers – Medulla: Central axis – Cortex: Forms bulk of hair – Cuticle: Forms hair surface • Hair Growth – Cycles (Growth stage and resting stage) – Eyelashes grow for 30 days and rest for 105 days, – scalp hair grow for 3 years and rest for 1-2 years. – 90% of scalp hair is in a growing stage. – The maximum lengths that hair will grow to is genetically determined. – Regular hair loss means hair is being replaced. – Permanent hair loss: patterned baldness most common cause for baldness. ( Medication being used to promote growth of hair in balding individuals. Ex. Minoxidil and Finasteride) • Hair Color. – Caused by varying amounts and types of melanin. – Melanin can be black-brown and red **Hair Follicle:**It is made of: – 1)Dermal root sheath: • surrounds the epithelial root sheath – 2)Epithelial root sheath : made of 2a) internal and 2b) external Epi. root sheaths • External part contains stratum basale and Stratum Spinosum that may remain after injury and supply a source of new hair formation • When hair are pulled out, internal part (some stratum spinosum) comes out and is visible as white bulb

Answer 49

• Deep to skin • Not part of skin • Used for giving shots/injections • Great area for absorption since it has blood vessels • Consists of loose connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibers – Collagen fiber is strong and pliable – Elastic Fiber is elastic • Types of cells – Fibroblasts – Adipose cells – Macrophages • Also called – Subcutaneous tissue – Superficial fascia • Contains about one-half of body’s fat. Functions as – Energy source – Insulation – Padding

Answer 50

Such medications are absorbed through the mucous membrane. Ex is through mouth (sublingual), or Anus (rectum suppository). These medications have to be lipid soluble. Example of such medication is Nicotine, Birth Control patch, Hydrocortisone, Fentanyl (for arthritic pain)

Answer 51

Wound – (Similar to abrasion) • Central part of the wound extends to dermis while edges of the wound only have slight injury and extend to the epidermis • Healthy epi. cells present near wound enlarge • Healthy epi. cells move to the center of the wound • Proliferate • Stop proliferation due to contact inhibition • Heal

Answer 52

One of the functions of the skin is to help maintain the homeostasis of the body temperature at 37 degree Celsius. If the environment’s temp. is high, heat receptors in the skin will send impulses to the brain. The brain then sends impulses to the sweat glands to produce perspiration. As this fluid EVAPORATES from the surface of the skin, the skin is cooled off and returns to normal. Also, more blood will be circulated to the skin and will release heat to the outside of the body. This happens becaue arteriles change diameter as temp changes. Reason out what could happen if the temp is too cold?

Answer 53

* It is from side to side * not from top to bottom layers * Size of the cut does not matter since both short and long scars heal at the same time

Answer 54

**• Easily pass through skin** – Lipid soluble medication (pass through adipose) – Slow diffusion – Enter into blood – Reach target tissue(through blood) – EX: Nicotine, birth control & dramamine patches and 1% hydrocortizone creams **• Easily pass through mucous membranes** – Fast absorption – Site of absorption ex tongue – Ex: Nitroglycerine(given in chest pain)

Answer 55

Tissue damage due to heat, electricity, radioactivity or strong chemicals that DENATURE proteins in the exposed cells is called a BURN. Generally, the SYSTEMIC effects of a burn is greater than the local effects.

Answer 56

**first degree burn:** involves only the surface epidermis. Mild pain and redness, no blisters. Typical sunburn. **second degree burn:** destroys all of the epidermis and may destroy some of the papillary region of the dermis. Redness, blisters, edema and pain. No injury to epidermal derivatives. **third degree burn:** destroys epidermis, dermis and accessory epidermal derivatives (hair, nail, sweat gland, sebaceous gland, mammary gland.). Skin functions are lost. Person usually dies if burn exceeds over 70% of body.

Answer 57

**A) Skin Grafts:** This is done when germinal (stratum basale) part of the epidermis is destroyed on a large area of the body. In this case there is transplantation of a segment of skin from donor to recipient. **Types of Grafts are:** • Autograft(taken from one’s ownself ) • Isograft ( taken from an identical twin) • Autologous Skin Transplantation( taken from self and is grown in the lab. This procedure takes 3- 4 weeks. A person needs some type of covering to protect him during this time. During the waiting period, skin from a human cadaver may be used ( homograft) or from another animal, like a pig (heterograft). • Homograft (taken from a dead human) • Heterograft(taken from a dead animal)

Answer 58

RULE OF 9: • Used to estimate amount of body that is burned. • Note differing proportions in adult and child. • The rule of nines assesses the percentage of burn and is used to help guide treatment decisions including fluid resuscitation and becomes part of the guidelines to determine transfer to a burn unit. • You can estimate the body surface area on an adult that has been burned by using multiples of 9. • An adult who has been burned, the percent of the body involved can be calculated as follows: Head = 9% Chest (front) = 9% Abdomen (front) = 9% Upper,mid and low back + buttocks = 18% Each arm = 9% Each palm = 1% Groin = 1% Each leg = 18% total (front = 9%, back = 9%) \*\*\*As an example, if both legs (18% x 2 = 36%), the groin (1%) and the front chest and abdomen were burned, this calculation would involve 55% of the body.

Answer 59

skin cancer: Associated with overexposure to the sun OR TANNING LIGHTS. – OMA means cell 3 most common forms of skin CA: 1. BASAL CELL CARCINOMA 2. SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA: 3. MALIGNANT MELANOMA \*\*sarcoma’s are due to C.T. involvement.\*\*

Answer 60

* 75% of all skin CA. * arise from s. basale of epidermis. * slow metastasis. * Most common * Looks like a sore that never completely heals

Answer 61

* Arise from s. spinosum,. * slow metastasis. * Next common

Answer 62

* life threatening CA * arising from melanocytes, * Metastasize rapidly * many times found within a preexisting mole. * Watch areas that change in pigment, size & irregular borders.

Answer 63

**• decubitus:** – bedsore or pressure sore. – prolonged deficiency of blood to tissues overlying a bony projection. – breakdown of the skin. cracking, infection and deep damage. – bedridden for a long time. – Seen on buttocks, sacrum and heels. – Turning is necessary. **• psoriasis:** – Chronic skin condition – skin cells divide 7 times more frequently than normal. – excessive cell accumulation with scaly reddened patches on skin surface. – Anticancer drugs sometimes helpful. **• vitiligo:** – patches of white skin – abnormal or lack of melanocytes in the area. – May be an autoimmune response. **• ringworm:** – fungal infection **• birth mark:** – most common – disorder in the capillaries of the dermis – Types • Portwine – present for life • Strawberry – go away by age 7

Answer 64

Comes from dermis region

Answer 65

– Collagen and elastin fibers destroy – Top layers sink

Answer 66

– Permanent ones extend to dermis (reticular areas) – Temporary ones stay above basement membrane – Fading is due to sloughing of epithelium layers and UV light. – Tatto removal creams and lazer break down the pigment

Answer 67

• Cleavage (tension) lines: elastin and collagen fibers oriented in some directions more than in others • Important in surgery – If incision parallel to lines, there is less gapping, faster healing, less scar tissue • If skin is overstretched, striae (stretch marks) occur (pregnancy)

Answer 68

? | (Know symptoms and what causes it)

Exam 2: Chapters 4 & 5 Flashcards

(107 cards)