Exam 3 Flashcards
(52 cards)
1
Q
Muscle Functions
A
- Movement
- Thermogenesis
- Maintaining posture
- Involved with all systems
- Communication
- Heart beat
- Constriction of organs and vessels
2
Q
Muscle cell name
A
muscle fiber
3
Q
Cytoplasm in muscle cell
A
sarcoplasm
4
Q
Muscle cell membrane
A
Sarcolemma
5
Q
Endoplasmic reticulum in muscle cell
A
sarcoplasmic reticulum
6
Q
Meaning of “Myo”
A
muscle
7
Q
meaning of “sarco”
A
flesh
8
Q
Meaning: Contractility
A
to shorten forcefully
9
Q
Mean of: Excitability
A
to respond to a stimulus
10
Q
Meaning of: Extensibility
A
to stretch beyond normnal resting length, yet still contract
11
Q
meaning of: elasticity
A
to recoil to original length
12
Q
Types of muscle
A
- Smooth - involuntary, uninucleated
- cardiac - involuntary, uninucleated, intercalated discs
- skeletal - voluntary, multinucleated
13
Q
Layers of connective tissue
A
- Epimysium - surrounds muscle
- Perimysium - surrounds each fasciulus inside muscle fibers
- Endomysium - surrounds each fiber within fascicles
14
Q
Myofilaments
A
- Actin (thinner and has active sites)
2. Myosin
15
Q
Sarcomere
A
units of organization found within cardiac and skeletal muscles
16
Q
Motor unit
A
Neuron + muscle fibers that it controls
17
Q
Neuromuscular junction
A
area where nervous tissue meets muscle fiber (but does not touch directly)
18
Q
Message crossing of Synapse
A
Ca+, acetylcholine (neurotransmitter), Ach receptors, T-T complex on actin– all are involved in message crossing of synapse
19
Q
Physiology of skeletal muscle
A
Important concepts
- all or none principle
- Threshold
- latent period
- recruitment (increasing number of active motor units)
- Action potential
20
Q
Energy resources
A
ATP provides energy needed for muscle contractions. ATP used for this comes from three sources
- CREATINE PHOSPHATE
- ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
- AEROBIC RESPIRATION
21
Q
Oxygen Debt
A
Occurs after intense exercise in order to regain normal ATP levels in muscle after they were depleted by exercise.
22
Q
Types of fatigue
A
- PHYSIOLOGIC CONTRACTURE (cramps) - when there’s not enough ATP available to disconnect cross bridges
- SYNAPTIC FATIGUE - when there’s not enough neurotransmitter available relative to the number of action potentials
23
Q
Types of fibers in skeletal muscles
A
TYPE I fibers (red meat) - slow twitch fibers
TYPE II fibers (white meat) - fast twitch fibers
24
Q
Effect of exercise
A
HYPERTROPHY - muscle size, and number of mitochondria/capillaries in muscle fiber increases.
ATROPHY - decrease in muscle size
MUSCLE TONE - involuntary/constant activation of a few motor units
25
Muscle regeneration
SKELETAL MUSCLE - increase if muscle size due to hypertrophy of existing cells; not new cells
SMOOTH MUSCLE - mitosis does occur in this
CARDIAC MUSCLE - ?
26
Anabolic steroids
Is used to increase hypertrophy of muscles
27
Fibromyalgia
Non-life-threatening, chronic, widespread pain in skeletal muscles with no known cure; also known as chronic muscle pain syndrome
28
Muscle attachment
1. origin - stationary end of muscle
2. insertion - end of muscle that causes bone movement
3. belly - bulging part of muscle
29
Antagonist pair groups
Agonist - muscle that accomplishes certain movement
Antagonist - muscle acting in opposition to agonist
e.g. biceps brachii (agonist) vs triceps brachii (antagonist)
30
Functional muscle groups
SYNERGISTS - muscles working together to produce movement (with PRIME MOVER main muscle)
FIXATORS - muscles that stabilize actions of prime movers by holding bone in place
31
Functional organization of nervous tissue
1. SENSORY: monitor stimuli
2. INTEGRATION: NC analyses sensory info, stores it and makes decisions in response
3. MAINTAINS HOMEOSTASIS
4. CONTROLS MUSCLES AND GLANDS
32
Major divisions of nervous system
1. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS) - brain and spinal cord
2. PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM - cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and other nerves. carry info away from CNS
a) Sensory/afferent - transmits action potentials from receptors to CNS
b) Motor/efferent - transmits action potentials to effectors
33
Neurons
Cells of the NS that conduct impulses throughout the body
34
Neuroglial cells
* do not carry impulses. support neurons
* more numerous than neurons
* mitotic throughout life
35
Types of neuroglia
1. ASTROCYTES - found in CSN. offer support
2. OLIGODENDROCYTES - produce myelin sheaths around some neurons
3. MICROGLIA - phagocytes of CNS. destroy microbes in CNS
4. EPENDYMAL CELLS - ciliated glial cells of CNS. aids in flow of cerebral spinal fluid.
5. SCHWANN CELLS - found in PNS and form myelin sheaths
6. SATELLITE CELLS - found in PNS within ganglia. supports neuron cell bodies that are within gangila of PNS
36
Myelination and nodes of ranvier
?
37
Multiple sclerosis
Progressive destruction of the myelin sheaths around CNS neurons
38
Types of neurons
SENSORY/AFFERENT: these carry action potentials toward the CNS
MOTOR/EFFERENT: carry action potentials away from the CNS
INTERNEURONS/ASSOCIATION NEURONS: carry action potentials from one neuron to antoher (within CNS)
39
NEUROPHYSIOLOGY
Refers to the way neurons pass their impulses to other neurons, or to muscles or glands.
40
Impulse propagation/action potential
Three steps of this process
1. RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL
2. DEPOLARIZATION
3. REPOLARIZATION
41
Function of local anesthetics
These drugs prevent the Na+ gated channels from opening, preventing depolarization by stopping Na_ from rushing into neurons and preventing neurons from turning positive inside.
42
Saltatory conduction
This type of action potential conduction occurs when eliminated sheaths are present, which conducts impulses very quickly along nodes of ranvier.
43
Intensity of stimulus
Stimulus must be above threshold to create action potential, which follows the all or none principle. Frequency of A.P.s, however, is based on the intensity of stimulus. A firm pressure, for example, will stimulate more neurons than a light touch.
44
Types of synapse transmission
1. ELECTRICAL SYNAPSE: ionic current spreads DIRECTLY from neuron to the next through GAP JUNCTIONS
2. CHEMICAL SYNAPSE: action potential travels from presynatpic to post synaptic neuron across synaptic cleft. Impulses transmitted by NEUROTRANSMITTERS.
45
Steps in synapse transmission
1. impulses arrives at presynaptic bulb and causes Calcium channels to open
2. Calcium diffuses inside presynaptic neuron, which causes exocytosis of synaptic vesicles (membrane enclosed vesicles containing neurotransmitters)
3. diffused neurotransmitters bind to receptors on ligand gated ion channels on post synaptic neuron, which causes action potential
46
Nerve regeneration
Little or no repair occurs in CNS; some repair in PNS can occur if only dendrites/axons are damaged.
47
Protections of spinal cord
1. bone (vertebrae)
| 2. Meninges: sheathes of connective tissue that surround CNS, including spinal cord
48
Functions of spinal cord
Bring SENSORY information to the brain from the PNS and to take MOTOR information from the brain to the PNS for direction of the body.
49
Ascending and descending tracts
ASCENDING TRACTS: brings sensory information to the brain from the body
DESCENDING TRACTS: brings motor information from the brain to the body.
50
Ganglions, roots, and spinal nerves
GANGLION: group of neuron cell bodies found outside of the CNS
DORSAL ROOT GANGLION: area near dorsal S.C. that is collection of cell bodies of the sensory neurons
VENTRAL ROOT: portion of spinal cord that carries motor neuron fibers away from the S.C.
51
Reflex arc
the nerve pathway involved in a reflex action including at its simplest a sensory nerve and a motor nerve with a synapse between.
52
Five nerve plexi
1. CERVICAL PLEXUS
2. BRACIAL PLEXUS
3. LUMBAR PLEXUS
4. SACRAL PLEXUS
5. COCCYGEAL PLEXUS
