Exam #2 Chapters 6 & 9 Flashcards
(109 cards)
1
Q
-we defined the skeletal system as _____ plus ____
A
bones and cartilages
2
Q
-the study of bone structure and the treatment of bone disorders
A
osteology
3
Q
the functions of the ____
- support
- protection
- assist in movement
- mineral homeostasis
- blood cell production
- triglyceride storage
A
skeletal system
4
Q
- within certain bones, a connective tissue called red bone marrow produces RBC’s , WBC’s and platelets, a process called ____
- blood cell production
A
hemopoiesis
5
Q
-consist mainly of adipose cells, which store triclycerides
A
yellow bone marrow
6
Q
-bones store calcium, phosphorus, and other minerals, and release them on demand
A
mineral homeostasis
7
Q
- a ____ bone that has greater length and width and consists of :
- diaphysis
- epiphyses
- metaphyses
- periostuem
- medullary canal
- endosteum
A
long bone
8
Q
- bone shaft
- main portion of bone
- contains yellow bone marrow
A
diaphysis
9
Q
- the proximal and distal ends of bone
- contains red blood marrow
A
epiphyses
10
Q
- growing bone, transitional region, contains epiphyseal plate/line
- contains red blood marrow
A
metaphyses
11
Q
-a thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the part of the epiphysis where the bone forms an articulation
A
articular cartilage
12
Q
-connective tissue sheath, where there is no cartilage
A
periosteum
13
Q
-is a hollow, contains fatty yellow bone marrow and numerous blood vessels
A
medullary cavity
14
Q
- thin membrane of bone forming cells
- lines the medullary cavity
A
endosteum
15
Q
-bone is a connective tissue because
____ and ____
A
extracellular matrix and distance between cells
16
Q
-in bone, collagen fibers make a framework, then mineral salts are deposited to harden the tissue, this is ____
A
calcification
17
Q
-the most abundant mineral salt in bone is ____
A
calcium phosphate
18
Q
- unspecified cells derived from the mesenchyme
- they divide and develop into osteopblast
A
osteoprogenitor cells
19
Q
- secrete collagen fibers, initiate calcification, surrounding themselves with ECM
- forms bone ECM
- once trapped they differentiate into osteocytes
A
osteoblasts
20
Q
- the word ending in _____, of a bone cell or any other connective tissue cell means the cell secretes extracellular matrix
- builds bonefusion
A
blasts
21
Q
- mature cells, take care of bone’s metabolism such as exchange nutrients and waste
- do not undergo cell division
A
osteocytes
22
Q
-the ending ____, of a bone cell or any other tissue cell means that cell maintains and monitors tissue
A
cyte
23
Q
- fusion of as many as 50 monosytes (WBC’s)
- functions in reabsorption,
- contain lysosomal enzymes to breakdown bone extracellular matrix, which is called bone resorption
A
osteoclast
24
Q
- contains few spaces, and is the strongest form of bone
- remodels when stressed
A
compact bone tissue
25
-repeating structural units in compact bone, also known as haversian systems
osteons
26
- the resembling of growth rings in osteons
| - plates of mineralized ECM
concentric lamellae
27
-blood vessels and nerves that the concentric lamellae is around
osteonic canal
28
- between the concentric lamellae are small spaces called ____
- where osteocytes reside
lacunae
29
- radiating in all directions from the lacunae
- filled with ECF, and projections of the osteocytes
- systems to exchange wastes, nutrients, oxygen
canaliculi
30
- between neighboring osteons
- result of reorganization of bone being built
- bones reorganize because of stress
interstitial lamellae
31
- vessels and nerves connecting medullary cavity, periosteum, and central canals
- keeps bone alive
interosteonic canals
32
-around the circumference (outer edge) of bone
circumferential lamellae
33
-connects circumferential lamellae to periosteum
perforating fibers
34
- does not have osteons
- always located inferior of a bone, protected by compact bone
- builds when stressed
spongy bone tissue
35
-in spongy bone, lamellae arranged in irregular, thin columns called ____
trabeculae
36
-spaces between trabeculae are filled with ____
red marrow
37
-aligned along trabeculae of new bone are _____
osteoblasts
38
-the process by which bone forms
ossification
39
_____ happens in this order
1. develop ossification center
2. calcification
3. formation of trabeculae and red bone marrow
4. development of periosteum
intramembraneous ossification
40
- when bone forms directly within mesenchyme developed from periosteum
- flat and facial bones
- soft spots
intramembraneous ossification
41
-the cluster of mesenchyme cells that differentiate in bone formation and secrete
ossification center
42
- ____ happens in this order where connective tissue created the bone
1. development of cartilage model
2. growth of model
3. primary ossification center (diaphysis)
4. medullary canal
5. secondary ossification center (epiphyses)
6. articular cartilage and growth plate
endochondrial ossification
43
-chondroblast secrete ECM consisting of hyaline cartilage
cartilage model
44
-the ____ goes from chondroblasts to chondrocytes to interstitial growth (cartilaginous growth)
growth of a model
45
-in this region of the diaphysis, bone tissue has replaced most of the cartilage
primary ossification center
46
-_____ centers occur in the epiphyses of the bone
secondary ossification
47
-when adolescence comes to an end, the epipyseal plate fades leaving a bony structure called _____, when this line appears bone growth has stopped
epiphyseal line
48
-bone formed by ____, bone destroyed by ____
osteoblasts
osteoclasts (reabsorption)
49
-the ongoing replacement of old bone tissue
bone remoldeling
50
-the removal of minerals and collagen fibers from bone osteoclast
bone resorption
51
-the addition of minerals and collagen fibers to bone by osteoblasts
bone deposition
52
- the benefits of ____ are:
- respond to stress
- alter shape
- resist fracture
bone remodeling
53
- point of contact between:
- two bones
- bone and cartilage
- bone and teeth
articulations (joints, arthroses)
54
-articulations are classified based on ____ and ____
structure and degree of movement
55
-joint structure are classified as 3 types:
fibrous
cartilaginous
synovial
56
-the degree of movement of joints are classified as 3 types:
synarthrosis
amphiarthrosis
diarthrosis
57
-the study of joints
arthrology
58
- no synovial cavity
- bones are held together by dense irregular connective tissue rich in collagen fibers
- are synarthrosis (immovable)
fibrous joints
59
- no synovial cavity
- bones are held together by cartilage
- are amphiarthrosis (slightly movable)
cartilaginous joints
60
- has synovial cavity
- united by dense irregular connective tissue of an articular capsule and often accessory ligaments
- diarthrosis
- EX: shoulder, elbow, knee
synovial joints
61
-an immovable joint
synarthrosis
62
-slightly movable joint
amphiarthrosis
63
- freely movable joint, all are synovial joints
| - have variety of shapes and permit different types of movement
diathrosis
64
-sutures, syndesmosis and interosseous membranes are ____
fibrous joints
65
-fibrous joints formed by articulation of the skull, immovable(syn) in adults and amph
sutures
66
- type of suture that is a bony joint in which there is a complete fusion of two separate bones into one
- immovable (syn)
- EX: frontal bone grows in halves across suture lines
synostosis
67
-fibrous joint in which there is a greater distance (longer bands) between the articulation surfaces and more tissue
-amph
EX: teeth (gomphosis) and tibiofibular ligament connects
sydesmosis
68
- cone-shaped peg fits into a socket
| - Ex: teeth (amph)
gomphosis
69
- fibrous joint that binds neighboring long bones and permits slight movement
- EX: radius and ulna , tibia and fibia
interosseous membrane
70
-types of _____ are synchondrosis, sympyses, and epiphyseal cartilages
cartilaginous joints
71
- connecting material is hyaline cartilage and is slightly movable to immovable (syn and amph)
- EX: between first rib and manubrium
synchondroses
72
- joint which ends of the articulating bones are covered with hyaline cartilage but a broad, flat disc of fibrocartilage connects to bones.
- all occurs in midline of the body, slightly movable joint (amph)
- EX: pubic symphysis, intervertebral joints between vertebrae,
symphyses
73
- hyaline cartilage growth centers during endochondral bone formation
- not associated with movements
- immovable joint, when bone elongation ends bone replaces the cartilage and becomes synostosis
epiphyseal cartilage
74
-a space within the synovial joint between articulating bone
synovial cavity
75
-bones at the synovial joint are covered with hyaline cartilage called ____, does not bind them together but reduces friction between bones and absorbs shock
articular cartilage
76
- sleevelike capsule arround a synovial joint, encloses the synovial cavity and unites articulating bones
- has a outer fibrous membrane and a inner synovial membrane
articular capsule
77
3 major things that keep bone from bumping each other are:
synovial cavity
articular capsule
articular cartilage
78
-clear pale yellow fluid, resembles egg whites
synovial fluid
79
- synovial joints also have accessory ligaments
- the ____ lie outside articular capsule
- the ____ occur within articular capsule
extracapsular ligaments
intracapsular ligaments
80
-saclike structures called ____ alleviate friction in like shoulder and knee joints
bursae
81
- -flat or slightly curved, permit back and forth and side to side movement
- biaxial and triaxial
- between carpal bones at the wrist and tarsal bones at the ankle
plane joint
82
-joints that permit movement in two axes are called ____
biaxial
83
-an ____ is a straight line around which a bone rotates or slides
axis
84
-permitting movement in three axes
triaxial
85
- the convex surface of one bone fits into the concave surface of another bone, an opening and closing movement
- uniaxial, permits flexion and extension
- EX: knee, elbow, ankle
hinge joint
86
-allowing motion around a single axis
uniaxial
87
- rounded or pointed surface of one bone articulates with a ring formed partly by another bone and partly by a ligament
- uniaxial
- EX: allows head to turn side to side like saying no, between of radius and radial notch of ulna
pivot joint
88
- convex oval shape bone fits into another oval depression of another bone
- biaxial, flexion and extention, abduction and adduction
- EX: wrist
condyloid joint
89
-you have ___ phanlanges all together
14
90
- articular surface of one bone is saddle shaped, and the articular surface of the other bone fits the saddle
- biaxial, flexion and extention, abduction and adduction
- EX: wrist and thumb
saddle joint
91
- consist of the ball like surface of one bone fitting into a cuplike depression of another bone
- triaxial, flexion and extention, abduction and adduction, rotation
- EX: shoulder, hip joint (acetabulum)
ball and socket jointa
92
-composed of the skin, hair, oil, and sweat glands, nails, and sensory receptors
integumentary system
93
- the functions of the ____:
- regulate body temp
- store blood
- protection
- detect cutaneous sensations
- excrete/absorb
- make Vitamin D
integumentary system
94
- decrease in angle between bones
| - ex: arms, hips, knees
flexion
95
- increase in angle between bones
| - ex: arms, hips, knees
extension
96
-movement of bone away from midline
abduction
97
-movement of bone towards the midline
adduction
98
- movement of bone around a turning axis
| - ex: skull, trunk
rotation
99
-movement that turns palms posteriorly
pronation
100
-movement that turns palms superiorly
supination
101
-movement that turns foot medially
inversion
102
-movement that turns foot outward
eversion
103
- movement of toes upward
| - standing on heels
dorsiflexion
104
-movement of toes downward
plantar flexion
105
- upward movement of the body
| - mandible, shoulders, hyoid
elevation
106
- downward movement of the body
| - mandible, shoulders, hyoid
depession
107
-an example of an place where synchondrosis happens is in the _____
ribs
108
-the _____divides the synovial capsule fully
articular disc
109
- an incomplete crescent, inside the synovial capsule
| - found in the knee, resist tension and torsion
meniscus
