Exam # 3 Chapter 11 Flashcards
(102 cards)
1
Q
- the voluntary controlled muscles of your body
- skeletal muscles that produce movements do so by exerting force on tendons
A
muscular system
2
Q
-attachment of muscles tendon to a stationary bone
A
origin
3
Q
-attachment to the movable bone
A
insertion
4
Q
-the fleshy portion of the muscle
A
belly
5
Q
-the _____ of a muscle are the main movements that occur when the muscle contracts
A
actions
6
Q
-reverse muscle action, origin and insertion are switched
A
reverse muscle action (RMA)
7
Q
-in the limbs, the _____ of a muscle is usually proximal and the insertion is usually distal
A
origin
8
Q
-a ____ is a rigid structure that can move around a fixed point called a _____
A
lever
fulcrum
9
Q
- the ____ causes movement
- the _____ or resistance opposes movement
A
effort
load
10
Q
- the _____ is the force exerted by muscular contraction
- the weight of the body part that is moved or resistance that the moving part is trying to overcome is the _____
A
effort
load
11
Q
-the load is closer to the fulcrum and the effort further from the fulcrum , then a small effort is required to move a load over a small distance
A
mechanical advantage
12
Q
-the load is farther from the fulcrum and the effort is applied closer to the fulcrum, then a large effort is required to move a small load (but at a greater speed)
A
mechanical disadvantage
13
Q
- first class lever, ex: scissors and seasaw
- can be mechanical disadvantage or advantage
A
effort (E) fulcrum (F) load (L)
14
Q
- the second lever, ex: wheelbarrow
- always produces a mechanical advantage
A
effort (E) load (L) fulcrum (F)
15
Q
- third lever, ex: operate like forceps
- most common levers in the body
- mechanical disadvantage
A
fulcrum (F) effort (E) load (L)
16
Q
-in order to generate more power, you need more muscle fibers contracting (cross sectional area), not a greater _____
A
length
17
Q
-skeletal muscle fibers within a muscle are arranged in bundles called _____, that are all _____to each other
A
fascicles
parallel
18
Q
-fascicles can increase strength if joined in _____, or provide greater _____ if arranged differently
A
parallel
range of motion
19
Q
- all muscles contract with _____ contractions
- location of the _____tells you what is moving
- the _____ the muscle the stronger
A
forced
fulcrum
thicker
20
Q
- the _____ muscles contracts to cause an action
- the _____ muscle stretches and yields to the effects of the prime mover
- they are usually located on the opposite sides of the other in bone or joints
A
agonist (prime mover)
antagonist
21
Q
- to prevent unwanted movements at intermediate joints/aid the movement of prime movers muscles called _____ contract and stabilize the intermediate joints
- ex: muscles that flex the fingers
A
synergistic
22
Q
- muscles the stabilize the origin of the prime mover so it can be move efficient
- steady the proximal end whole movement occurs at the distal end
- ex: the scapula is a freely movable bone that serves as an origin for several muscles in the arm
A
fixators
23
Q
- fascicles parallel to longitudinal axis of muscle, terminate at either end in flat tendons
- ex: sternohyoid muscle
A
parallel
24
Q
- fascicles nearly parallel to longitudinal axis of muscle, terminate in flat tendons, muscle tapers toward tendons, where diameter is less than at belly
- ex: digastric muscle
A
fusiform
25
- fascicles in concentric circular arrangements from sphincter muscles that enclose an orifice (opening)
- ex: orbicularis oculi muscle
circular
26
- fascicles spread over broad area converge at thick central tendon, gives muscle a triangular appearance
- ex: pectoralis major muscle
triangular
27
-short fascicles in relation to total muscle length, tendon extends nearly entire length of muscle
pennate
28
- fascicles arranged on only one side of tendon
| - ex: extensor digitorum longus muscle
unipennate
29
- fascicles arranged on both sides of centrally positioned tendons
- ex: rectus femoris muscle
bipennate
30
- fascicles attach obliquely from many directions to several tendons
- ex: deltoid muscle
multipennate
31
- parallel to midline
| - ex: rectus abdominis
rectus
32
- perpendicular to midline
| - ex: transversus abdominis
transverse
33
- diagonal to midline
| - ex: external oblique
oblique
34
- largest
| - smallest
maximus
minimus
35
- long
| - short
longus
brevis
36
- widest
| - longest
latissimus
longissimus
37
- large
| - larger
magnus
major
38
- smaller
| - huge
minor
vastus
39
- triangular
| - trapezoid
deltoid
trapezius
40
- saw-toothed
| - diamond-shaped
serratus
rhomboid
41
- circular
| - flat
orbicularis
platys
42
- square, four-sided
| - slender
quadratus
gracilis
43
- decrease joint angle
| - increase joint angle
flexor
extensor
44
- moves bone away from midline
| - moves bone closer to midline
abductor
adductor
45
- raises or elevates body part
| - lowers or depresses body part
levator
depressor
46
- turns palm anteriorly
| - turns palm posteriorly
supinator
pronator
47
- decreases size of an opening
- makes body part rigid
- rotates bone around longitudinal axis
sphincter
tensor
rotator
48
- two origins
- three origins
- four origins
biceps
triceps
quadriceps
49
-most movements require several muscles acting in a _____ rather than individually
groups
50
- origin: medial wall of orbit
- insertion: circular path around orbit
- action: closes eye
orbicularis oculi
51
- origin: muscle fibers surrounding opening of mouth
- insertion: skin at corner of mouth
- action: closes and protrudes lips (kissing), shapes lips during speech
orbicularis oris
52
- strongest muscle of mastication
- origin: maxilla and zygomatic arch
- insertion: angle and ramus of mandible
- action: elevates mandible, closing mouth
masseter
53
- origin: fascia over deltoid and pectoralis major muscles
- insertion: mandible, blends with muscles around angle of mouth, and skin of lower face
- action: draws outer part of lower lip inferiorly and posteriorly as in pouting, depresses mandible
platysma
54
- origin: sternal head, manubrium of sternum, clavicular head, medial 3rd of clavicle
- insertion: mastoid process of temporal bone and lateral half of superior nuchial line of occipital bone
- action: flex cervical portion of vertebral column, extend head at occipital joints, laterally flex neck and head to same side and opposite side of contracting muscle. RMA: elevate sternum during forced inhalation
sternocleidomastoid
55
- large flat, triangular sheet, most superficial back muscle
- superior nuchal line of occipital bone, ligamentum nuchae and spines C7-T12
- insertion: clavicle and acromion and spine of scapula
- action: superior fibers upward rotate scapula, middle fibers adduct scapula, inferior fibers depress and upward rotate scapula, RMA: superior fibers can help extend head
trapezius
56
- lies deep in trapezius
origin: spines of T2-T5
- insertion: vertebral border of scapula, inferior to spine
- action: elevates and adducts scapula and rotates it downward, stabilizes scapula
rhomboid major
57
- lies deep in trapezius
- origin: spines of C7-T1
- insertion: vertebral border of the scapula superior to spine
- action: elevates and adducts scapula and rotates it downward, stabilizes scapula
rhomboid minor
58
-origin: pubic crest and pubic symphysis
-insertion: cartilage of ribs 5-7 and xiphoid process
-action: flexes vertebral column, especially lumbar portion, and compresses abdomen to aid in defecation, urination, forced exhalation, and childbirth
RMA: flexes pelvis on the vertebral column
rectus abdominis
59
- superficial abdominal muscle
- origin: ribs 5-12
- insertion: iliac crest and linea alba
- action: acting together, compress abdomen and flex vertebral column, laterally flex vertebral column, especially lumbar portion and rotate vertebral column
external oblique
60
- intermediate flat muscle of abdominal muscle
- origin: iliac crest, inguinal ligament, and thoracolumbar fascia
- insertion: cartilage of ribs 7-10 and línea alba
- action: compress abdomen and flex vertebral column, laterally flex vertebral column,especially lumbar portion
internal oblique
61
- deep muscle around abdominal wall
- origin: iliac crest, inguinal ligament, lumbar fascia, and cartilages of ribs 5-10
- insertion: xiphoid process, línea alba and pubis
- action: compresses abdomen
transversus abdominis
62
- origin: xiphoid process of sternum, costal cartilages and adjacent portions of ribs 7-12, lumbar vertebrae and their intervertebral discs
- insertion: central tendon
- action: contraction causes it to flatten and increases vertical dimension of thoracic cavity resulting in inhalation, relaxation causes it to move superiorly and decrease dimension,exhalation
diaphragm
63
-superficial layer of intercostal spaces
-origin: inferior border of rib above
-insertion: superior border of rib below
-action: contraction elevates ribs and increases anteroposterior and lateral dimensions of thoracic cavity, resulting in inhalation
relaxation depresses ribs, resulting in exhalation
external intercostals
64
- intermediate layer of intercostal spaces
- origin: superior border of rib below
- insertion: inferior border of rib above
- action: contraction draws adjacent ribs together to further decrease thoracic cavity during forced exhalation
internal intercostals
65
- thin, flat triangular muscle deep in petoralis major
- origin: ribs 2-5, 3-5, or 2-4
- insertion: coracoid process of scapula
- actions: abducts scapula and rotates it downward RMA: elevates ribs 3-5 during forced inhalation when scapula is fixed
pectoralis minor
66
- large, flat fan-shaped muscle, saw-toothed appearance
- origin: ribs 1-8, or 1-9
- insertion: vertebral border and inferior angle of scapula
- action: abducts scapula and rotates it upward. RMA: elevates ribs when scapula is stabilized, known as "boxers muscles" uses for punching and pushing
serratus anterior
67
- large thick fan-shaped muscle, covers superior part of thorax and forms anterior fold of thorax
- origin: clavicle head, sternum and costal cartilages of ribs 2-6 and sometimes ribs 1-7 (sternocostal head )
insertion: greater tubercle and lateral lip of intertubercular sulcus of humerus
action: adducts and medially rotates arm at shoulder joint, clavícular head flexes arm, and sternocoatal head extends flexed arm to side of trunk
pectoralis major
68
- broad, triangular muscle located on inferior part of the back that forms most of the posterior wall
- origin: spines of T7-L5, lumbar vertebrae, crest of sacrum and ilium, ribs 9-12 via thoracolumbar fascia
- insertion: interubercular sulcus of humerus
- action: extends, adducts and medially rotates arm at shoulder joint, draws arm inferiorly and posteriorly RMA: elevates vertebral column and torso
latissimus dorsi
69
- think powerful shoulder muscle that covers the shoulder joint and forms the rounded contour of the shoulder
- origin: acromial extremity of the clavicle, acromion and spine of the scapula
- insertion: deltoid tuberosity of humerous
- action: adduction, flex and medial rotate, extend and laterally rotate
deltoid
70
- rounded muscle named for its location, lies deep in trapezius
- origin: supraspinous fossa of scapula
- insertion: greater tubercle of humerous
- action: assists deltoid in abducting arm at shoulder joint
supraspinatus
71
- triangular muscle, named for its location
- origin: infraspinous fossa of scapula
- insertion: greater tubercle of the humerous
- action: laterally rotates arm at shoulder joint
infraspinatus
72
- thick, flattened muscle inferior to the teres minor, forms part of posterior wall of axilla
- origin: inferior angle of scapula
- insertion: medial lip of intertubercular sulcus of humerous
- action: extends arm at shoulder joint, assists in adductionand rotation at shoulder joint
teres major
73
- cylindrical, elongated muscle, inseparable from infraspinatus
- origin: inferior lateral border of scapula
- insertion: greater tuberacle of hunerous
- action: laterally rotates and extends arm at shoulder joint
teres minor
74
- large muscle located on the anterior surface of the arm, has two heads of origin (long and short) both from scapula, spans the shoulder and elbow joint
- origin: long head originates from tubercle above glenoid cavity of scapula
- insertion: radial tuberosity and biciptal aponeurosis
- action: flexes forearm at elbow and shoulder joint
biceps brachii
75
- deep to the biceps brachii, most powerful flexor of forearm at elbow joint, the "workhorse"
- origin: distal, anterior surface of humerous
- insertion: ulnar tuberosity and coronoid process
- action: flexes forearm at elbow joint
brachialis
76
- flexes forearm at elbow joint especially when quick movement is required or when a weight is lifted slowly
- origin: lateral border of distal end of humerous
- insertion: superior to styloid process of radius
- action: flexes arm, supinates and pronates forearm
brachioradialis
77
- large muscle in posterior surface of arm, has three heads, more powerful of extensors in forearm
- origin: long head from infraglenoid tubercle, lateral head from and posterior surface, medial head from entire posterior surface of forearm
- insertion: olecranon of ulna
- action: extends forearm
triceps brachii
78
- origin: the head region, articular processes of C4-C7 and transverse processes of T1-T4
- insertion: mastoid process of temporal bone
- action: extends head and vertebral column, acting alone it rotates the head to same side as cintracting muscle
longissimus capitis
79
- origin: cervical region, transverse processes of T4-T5
- insertion: transverse processes of C2-C6
- action: together with longissimus thoracis it extends vertebral column, alone it laterally flex vertebral
longissimus cervicis
80
- origin: thoracic region, transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae
- insertion: transverse processes of all thoracic vertebrae and ribs 9-10
action: together with longissimus cervicis it extends vertebral column, alone it laterally flex vertebral
longissimus thoracis
81
- origin: often absent or very small, arises with semispinalis capitis
- insertion: occipital bone
- action: together (cervical, thoracic, and lumbar) extend vertebral column and head
spinalis capitis
82
- origin: ligamentum nuchae and spinous process of C7
- insertion: spinous process of axis
- action: together (cervical, thoracic, and lumbar) extend vertebral column and head
spinalis cervicis
83
- origin: spinous processes of T10-L2
- insertion: spinous processes of superior thoracic vertebrae
- action: together (cervical, thoracic, and lumbar) extend vertebral column and head
spinalis thoracis
84
- origin: pubis crest and symphysis
- insertion: linea aspera of femur
- action: adducts and flexes thigh at hip joint, and rotates thigh
adductor longus
85
- origin: inferior ramus of pubis
- insertion: superior half of linea aspera of femur
- action: adducts and flexes at hip joint, and rotates thigh
adductor brevis
86
- origin: inferior ramus of pubis and ischium to ischial tuberosity
- insertion: linea aspera of femur
- action: adducts and rotates thigh, anterior part flexes, inferior part extends thigh
adductor magnus
87
- origin: superior ramus of pubis
- insertion: pectineal line of femur between lesser trochanter and linea aspera
- action: flexes and adducts thigh at hip joint
pectineus
88
- origin: long straplike muscle, body and inferior ramus of pubis
- insertion: medial surface of body of tibia
- action: adducts thigh at hip joint, medially rotates thigh and flexes leg at knee
gracilis
89
- largest muscle in the body, covering most of the anterior surface and sides of thigh, actually a composite muscle, describes as four different muscles
* rectus femoris
* vastus lateralis
* vastus medialis
* vastus intermedius
quadriceps femoris
90
- origin: anterior inferior iliac spine
- insertion: patella via quadriceps tendon and tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament
- action: extend leg at knee joint, rectus femoris alone flexes thigh
rectus femoris
91
- origin: greater trochanter and linea aspera of femur
- insertion: patella via quadriceps tendon and tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament
- action: extend leg at knee joint, rectus femoris alone flexes thigh
vastus lateralis
92
- origin: linea aspera of femur
- insertion: patella via quadriceps tendon and tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament
- action: extend leg at knee joint, rectus femoris alone flexes thigh
vastus medialis
93
- origin: anterior and lateral surfaces of the femur
- insertion: patella via quadriceps tendon and tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament
- action: extend leg at knee joint, rectus femoris alone flexes thigh
vastus intermedius
94
- long, narrow muscle that forms a band across the thigh from ilium of hip bone to medial side of tibia-origin: anterior superior iliac spine
- insertion: medial condyle of tibia
- action: flexes leg at knee joint and extends thigh at the hip joint
sartorius
95
-the biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus are the _____ muscles
hamstring
96
- origin: long head arises from ischial tuberosity, short head arises from linea aspera of femur
- insertion: head of fibula and condyle of tibia
- action: flexes leg at the knee and extends thigh at the hip joint
biceps femoris
97
- origin: ishial tuberosity
- insertion: proximal part of medial surface of shaft of tibia
- action: flexes leg at knee joint and extends thigh at hip joint
semitendinosus
98
- origin: ishial tuberosity
- insertion: medial condyle at tibia
- action: flexes leg at knee joint and extends thigh at hip joint
semimembranosus
99
- largest and heaviest of the three muscles and is one of the largest muscles of the body, chief extensor of the femur
- origin: iliac crest, sacrum, coccyx
- insertion: iliotibial tract of fascia lata and suprior lateral part of linea aspera ubder greater trochanter of femur
- action: extends thigh and laterally rotates thigh, helos lock knee in extention
gluteus maximus
100
- mostly deep in gluteus maximus
- origin: ilium
- insertion: greater trochanter of femur
- action: abducts thigh and medial rotates thigh
gluteus medius
101
- origin: iliac crest
- insertion: tibia by way of ioliotibial tract
- action: flexes and abducts thigh
tensor fasciae latae
102
- most superficial muscle and forms the prominence of the calf
- origin: lateral and medial condyles of femur and capsule of knee
- insertion: calcaneus by the way calcaneal (Achilles tendon)
- action: plantar flexes foot at ankle joint anf flexes leg at knee joint
gastrocnemius
