exam 2 class 10

Question 1

what is the equation for hemoglobin?

Answer 1

Hb + O2 ->HbO2

Question 2

1 hemoglobin molecule can bind to how many oxygen molecules?

Answer 2

4

Question 3

Hemoglobin bound to oxygen

Answer 3

oxyhemoglobin (HbO2)

Question 4

Amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin at any given is expressed as?

Answer 4

% saturation of Hb

Question 5

If all binding sites on all hemoglobin molecules are occupied by oxygen
molecules then what?

Answer 5

the blood is 100% oxygenated, or saturated with oxygen

Question 6

If half the available binding sites are carrying oxygen?

Answer 6

the hemoglobin is 50%
saturated, and so on

Question 7

relationship between
and how much oxygen binds to hemoglobin in vitro

Answer 7

Oxyhemoglobin saturation curves

Question 8

At normal alveolar and arterial (100 mm
Hg) how much hemoglobin is bound to O2?

Answer 8

98% of the hemoglobin is bound to O2

Question 9

Above 60 mm Hg, hemoglobin is more than 90% saturated?

Answer 9

to maintain near-normal
levels of oxygen transport

Question 10

having a higher
oxygen affinity than adult hemoglobin (HbA)

Answer 10

Fetal hemoglobin (HbF)

Question 11

how long does it take for babies to automatically switch from producing
HbF to producing HbA?

Answer 11

2 years for the switch to be complete

Question 12

Shift in Hb saturation curve that results from a change
in pH is called the?

Answer 12

Bohr effect

Question 13

At a of 40 mm Hg (equivalent to a resting cell) and pH of 7.4, hemoglobin is about _______ saturated

Answer 13

75%

Question 14

At the same if the pH falls to 7.2, the percent
saturation decreases to about 62%. Hb releases
______ more oxygen at pH 7.2 than they do at pH
7.4

Answer 14

13%

Question 15

When does body undergo shifts in blood pH?

Answer 15

during exercise

Question 16

Increasing temperature decreases ?

Answer 16

the affinity of Hb for O2

Question 17

Carbon dioxide increases ____________________ and lowers ______________

Answer 17

-hydrogen ion concentration
-tissue pH

Question 18

more CO2 in blood

Answer 18

lower pH

Question 19

what is the inner lining of blood vessels made of?

Answer 19

thin layer of endothelium

Question 20

walls of blood vessels are composed of?

Answer 20

(1) smooth muscle
(2) elastic connective tissue
(3) fibrous connective tissue

Question 21

narrows the diameter
of the vessel lumen

Answer 21

vasoconstriction

Question 22

widens the diameter
of the vessel lumen

Answer 22

vasodilation

Question 23

arterioles, capillaries, small post capillary vessels (venules) are all called?

Answer 23

microcirculation

Question 24

have a lining that contains pores that let only small molecules pass through. Nervous system, skin and lungs

Answer 24

Continuous capillaries

Question 25

have larger openings between the cells that allow the quick exchange of substances. Kidneys, small intestine and endocrine glands

Answer 25

Fenestrated capillaries

Question 26

discontinuous, have even larger gaps and pores. Liver, spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow and endocrine glands

Answer 26

Sinusoidal capillaries

Question 27

what in the veins prevent backflow of blood

Answer 27

valves

Question 28

When the skeletal muscles compress the veins, they force blood toward?

Answer 28

the heart (skeletal muscle pump)

Question 29

contraction of the ventricles pushes blood into the elastic arteries causing them to stretch

Answer 29

ventricular contraction

Question 30

elastic recoil in the arteries maintains driving pressure during ventricular diastole

Answer 30

ventricular relaxation

Question 31

where is blood pressure the highest?

Answer 31

in the arteries

Question 32

blood pressure decreases when?

Answer 32

blood flows through the circulatory system

Question 33

Highest pressure in the circulatory system created by the contraction of ventricles of heart

Answer 33

Systolic Pressure (SP)

Question 34

Lowest pressure in the circulatory system associated with the relaxation of ventricles of heart

Answer 34

Diastolic Pressure (DP)

Question 35

Abnormally high or low arterial blood pressure can be indicative of?

Answer 35

a problem in the cardiovascular system

Question 36

blood pressure falls too low

Answer 36

hypotension

Question 37

blood flow and oxygen supply to the brain are impaired, and the person may become dizzy or faint

Answer 37

hypotension

Question 38

blood pressure is chronically elevated

Answer 38

hypertension

Question 39

high pressure on the walls of blood vessels may cause weakened areas to rupture and bleed into the tissues

Answer 39

hypertensive

Question 40

rupture occurs in the brain

Answer 40

cerebral hemorrhage

Question 41

cerebral hemorrhage and may cause

Answer 41

a stroke

Question 42

rapid pressure increase that occurs when the left ventricle pushes blood into the aorta can be felt as a

Answer 42

pulse or pressure wave

Question 43

measure of the strength of the pressure wave, is defined as systolic pressure minus diastolic pressure

Answer 43

pulse pressure PP

Question 44

PP=?

Answer 44

SP-DP

Question 45

Arterial pressure is pulsatile, so we use a single value

Answer 45

the mean arterial pressure (MAP)

Question 46

MAP =?

Answer 46

DP + 1/3 (SP- DP)

Question 47

Distribution of systemic blood varies according to?

Answer 47

the metabolic needs of individual organs and is governed by a combination of local control mechanisms and homeostatic reflexes

Question 48

distribution of blood to tissues is represented as

Answer 48

(1) % of total flow (2) Volume per 100 g of tissue per min (3) Absolute rate of flow (L/min)