exam 2 class 11

Question 1

distribution of blood to the tissues three things

Answer 1

1. % of total flow
2. Volume per 100 g of tissue per minute
3. absolute rate of flow (L/min)

Question 2

how is blood flow to all the individual tissues possible?

Answer 2

all of the arterioles in the body are in parallel

Question 3

arterioles receive blood at the same time from the?

Answer 3

aorta

Question 4

Flow through individual arterioles in a branching system of arterioles
depends on?

Answer 4

their resistance (R)

Question 5

The higher the resistance in an arteriole, the _______the blood flow through it.

Answer 5

lower

Question 6

Pressure-Volume relationships of _________ provide the basis for circulation

Answer 6

Boyle’s law

Question 7

(1) blood flow increases in response to a pressure
gradient
(2) blood flow decreases as the resistance (R) of the system to flow increases

Answer 7

change in pressure/resistance

Question 8

arteriolar resistance matches tissue blood flow to the metabolic needs of the tissue

Answer 8

Local control

Question 9

the CNS maintain mean arterial pressure and determine blood distribution to various tissues to meet homeostatic needs, such as temperature regulation

Answer 9

Sympathetic reflexes

Question 10

-particularly those that regulate salt and water excretion by the kidneys
-influence blood pressure by acting directly on the
arterioles and by altering autonomic reflex control

Answer 10

Hormones

Question 11

help control involuntary body functions

Answer 11

Sympathetic neurons

Question 12

facilitates the normal day-to-day functions

Answer 12

parasympathetic nervous
system

Question 13

cell communication where a cell releases a signal to change the behavior of nearby cells

Answer 13

Paracrine signaling

Question 14

when blood reaches the capillaries what happens

Answer 14

plasma and the cells exchange materials across the thin capillary walls

Question 15

Most cells are located within ________ of the nearest capillary, and
diffusion over this short distance proceeds rapidly

Answer 15

0.1 mm

Question 16

what has the most capillaries per unit area?

Answer 16

tissues

Question 17

what has the lowest capillary density

Answer 17

subcutaneous tissue and cartilage

Question 18

what has the highest capillary density?

Answer 18

muscles and glands

Question 19

Adult human body has how many miles of capillaries

Answer 19

50,000 miles

Question 20

thinnest walls of all the blood vessels, composed
of a single layer of flattened endothelial cells supported on a basal lamina

Answer 20

Capillaries

Question 21

how much SA of capillaries do we have?

Answer 21

6300 m2 (two football fields)

Question 22

diameter of a capillary is barely that of a red blood cell which forces?

Answer 22

RBCs to squeeze through in single file

Question 23

Even though a single capillary has a tiny
diameter, when you put them all together,
their summed diameters cover an area much
larger than?

Answer 23

the total cross-sectional areas of all the arteries and veins combined

Question 24

have a lining that contains pores that let only small molecules pass through. Nervous system, skin and lungs

Answer 24

Continuous capillaries

Question 25

have larger openings (fenestrations) between the cells that allow the quick exchange of substances (nutrients and blood). Kidneys, small intestine and endocrine glands

Answer 25

Fenestrated capillaries

Question 26

discontinuous, have even larger gaps and pores. Liver, spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow and endocrine glands

Answer 26

Sinusoidal capillaries

Question 27

Oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse freely across?

Answer 27

thin endothelium

Question 28

In capillaries with leaky cell junctions, most small dissolved solutes can diffuse freely between?

Answer 28

the cells or through the fenestrations

Question 29

mass movement of fluid as the result of hydrostatic or osmotic pressure gradients

Answer 29

Bulk flow

Question 30

If the direction of bulk flow is into the capillary

Answer 30

absorption

Question 31

If the direction of flow is out of the capillary

Answer 31

filtration

Question 32

kidneys?

Answer 32

filtration mostly

Question 33

intestines?

Answer 33

absorption mostly

Question 34

what regulates bulk flow in the capillaries

Answer 34

starling forces

Question 35

lateral pressure component of blood flow that pushes fluid out through the capillary pores

Answer 35

hydrostatic pressure

Question 36

straling forces

Answer 36

1. hydrostatic pressure 2. osmotic pressure

Question 37

determined by solute concentration of a compartment

Answer 37

Osmotic pressure

Question 38

what is the main solute difference between plasma and interstitial fluid?

Answer 38

proteins - present in the plasma but absent from interstitial fluid

Question 39

the osmotic pressure created by the presence of these proteins

Answer 39

colloid osmotic pressure also called oncotic pressure

Question 40

A positive value for the net pressure indicates ? and a negative value indicates?

Answer 40

net filtration net absorption

Question 41

filtration is greater than?

Answer 41

absorption

Question 42

how much bulk flow is there each day?

Answer 42

3 liters per day

Question 43

allows the one- way movement of interstitial fluid from the tissues into the circulation

Answer 43

The lymphatic system

Question 44

what physiological systems do the lymphatic system interact with?

Answer 44

cardiovascular system digestive system immune system

Question 45

(1) returning fluid and proteins filtered to the circulatory system (2) picking up fat absorbed at the small intestine and moves it to the circulatory system (3) a filter to capture and destroy foreign pathogens

Answer 45

functions of the lymphatic system

Question 46

accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space, a condition called?

Answer 46

edema

Question 47

(1) inadequate drainage of lymph (2) blood capillary filtration that greatly exceeds capillary absorption

Answer 47

edema causes

Question 48

-elevated venous pressure e.g. during heart failure, a condition in which one ventricle loses pumping power and can no longer pump all the blood sent to it by the other ventricle

Answer 48

increase in capillary hydrostatic pressure

Question 49

severe malnutrition or liver failure and these proteins are responsible for the colloid osmotic pressure component of the blood.

Answer 49

Decrease in plasma protein concentration

Question 49

excessive leakage of proteins out of the blood decreases the colloid osmotic pressure gradient and increases net capillary filtration

Answer 49

Increase in interstitial proteins: