exam 2 class 16

Question 1

Simply smelling, seeing, or even thinking about food: create long reflexes that begin in brain create a feedforward response known as the?

Answer 1

cephalic phase of digestion

Question 2

complex hypoosmotic fluid, has water, ions, mucus, and proteins such as enzymes and immunoglobulins

Answer 2

Saliva:

Question 3

Three pairs of salivary glands produce ~

Answer 3

1.5 liters of saliva/ day

Question 4

Salivary glands are composed of?

Answer 4

exocrine glands, with
secretory epithelium arranged in
grapelike clusters of cells called acini

Question 5

Saliva production is a two-step process:

Answer 5

(1) Acinar cells’ secreted fluid: an isotonic NaCl solution.
(2) Epithelial cells along duct reabsorb NaCl and secrete K+ and bicarbonate ion

Question 6

Apical membranes of duct cells have very low water permeability called?

Answer 6

hypoosmotic saliva

Question 7

functions of saliva

Answer 7

soften and moisten food
digestion of starch
taste
defense

Question 8

lubricate food to make it easier to swallow

Answer 8

Soften and moisten food:

Question 9

has salivary amylase. Amylase breaks starch
into maltose

Answer 9

Digestion of starch:

Question 10

Saliva dissolves food so that we can taste it

Answer 10

Taste:

Question 11

Lysozyme is an antibacterial salivary enzyme, and salivary immunoglobulins disable bacteria and viruses

Answer 11

Defense:

Question 12

reflex action that pushes a bolus of food or
liquid into esophagus

Answer 12

swallowing, or deglutition:

Question 13

swallowing center in medulla oblongata

Answer 13

glossopharyngeal nerve :

Question 14

(1) Acinar cells’ secreted fluid:

Answer 14

an isotonic NaCl solution.

Question 15

(2) Epithelial cells along duct reabsorb?

Answer 15

NaCl and secrete K+ and bicarbonate ion

Question 16

separates lower end of the esophagus
separated from the stomach

Answer 16

Lower esophageal sphincter

Question 17

one the most common digestive disorder

Answer 17

Gastroesophageal reflux disorder or GERD:

Question 18

gastric acid and pepsin irritate lining of esophagus

Answer 18

heartburn:

Question 19

During inspiration, when intrapleural pressure falls, what happens?

Answer 19

sub-atmospheric pressure in esophageal lumen and can suck acidic contents out of stomach if sphincter is relaxed

Question 20

3 functions of the stomach

Answer 20

storage
digestion
defense

Question 21

stores food and regulates its passage into the small intestine

Answer 21

Storage: in stomach

Question 22

chemically and mechanically digests food into the soupy mixture called chyme

Answer 22

Digestion: in stomach

Question 23

destroys bacteria and other pathogens that are swallowed with food

Answer 23

Defense: in stomach

Question 25

before food arrives what reflex occurs

Answer 25

vagal reflex

Question 26

distension of stomach and presence of peptides or amino acids in lumen activate endocrine cells and enteric neurons

Answer 26

gastric phase reflexes

Question 27

influence motility and secretion

Answer 27

Hormones, neurotransmitters, and paracrine molecules

Question 28

When food arrives from the esophagus, the stomach relaxes and expands to hold the increased volume:

Answer 28

receptive relaxation

Question 29

the lower stomach is where what occurs

Answer 29

digestion

Question 30

Peristaltic waves pushes the food down toward the ________, mixing food with acid and digestive enzymes

Answer 30

pylorus

Question 31

Lumen of stomach is lined with ?

Answer 31

mucus-producing epithelium punctuated by the openings of gastric pits. The pits lead to gastric glands deep within the mucosal layer

Question 32

first part of intestine

Answer 32

duodenum.

Question 33

secrete hormone gastrin into the blood

Answer 33

G cells:

Question 34

gastrin release is stimulated by presence of amino acids and peptides in the stomach/ by distension of stomach/ ENS neurotransmitter called gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP)

Answer 34

In short reflexes:

Question 35

parasympathetic neurons from vagus nerve stimulate G cells to release gastrin into blood

Answer 35

in cephalic reflexes:

Question 36

(1) directly acts on parietal cells (2) indirectly by stimulating histamine release

Answer 36

Gastrin’s primary action is to promote acid release

Question 37

secrete gastric acid (HCl) into the lumen of the stomach

Answer 37

Parietal cells:

Question 38

Acid secretion in the stomach averages ?

Answer 38

1–3 liters per day,

Question 39

(1) Causes release and activation of pepsin: enzyme that digests proteins. (2) Triggers somatostatin release from D cells. (3) Denatures proteins by breaking disulfide and hydrogen bonds that hold the protein in its tertiary structure (more accessible to digestion by pepsin). (4) Helps kill bacteria and other ingested microorganisms. (5) Inactivates salivary amylase, stopping carbohydrate digestion that began in mouth

Answer 39

Gastric acid has multiple functions:

Question 40

H+ from water inside parietal cell is pumped into stomach lumen by H+-K+-ATPase in exchange for?

Answer 40

K+ entering cell

Question 41

Cl- moves through?

Answer 41

open chloride channels

Question 42

Net result is

Answer 42

secretion of HCl by cell

Question 43

drugs to treat over secretion of gastric acid, block activity of H+-K+ ATPase

Answer 43

Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs):

Question 44

what is absorbed into the blood in the parietal pathway of acid secretion in the stomach

Answer 44

HCO3-

Question 45

The buffering action of makes blood leaving the stomach less acidic, creating an ?

Answer 45

alkaline tide

Question 46

Chief cells produce two enzymes:

Answer 46

pepsin and gastric lipase

Question 47

inactive form- pepsinogen activated by H+ ( HCl from parietal cells) protein digestion

Answer 47

Pepsin:

Question 48

break down triglycerides. < 1/3rd of fat digestion takes place in stomach

Answer 48

Gastric lipase:

Question 49

secreted by ECL cells in response to gastrin or acetylcholine stimulation

Answer 49

Histamine:

Question 50

protein secreted by parietal cells, complexes with B12 vitamin (for its absorption in the intestine).

Answer 50

Intrinsic factor:

Question 51

also known as hypothalamic growth hormone-inhibiting hormone, is secreted by D cells

Answer 51

somatostatin (SS),

Question 52

-physical barrier, -chemical buffer

Answer 52

Mucus: Bicarbonate:

Question 53

1. Zollinger-Ellison syndrome: 2. Peptic ulcers:

Answer 53

Pathologies:

Question 53

excessive gastrin (gastrinoma)

Answer 53

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome:

Question 54

acid and pepsin destroy mucosa, creating holes that extend into submucosa and muscularis of stomach

Answer 54

Peptic ulcers:

Question 55

Ibuprofen, aspirin

Answer 55

NSAIDS:

Question 56

NSAIDs inhibit the enzyme ____________________, which is responsible for converting AA into prostaglandins

Answer 56

cyclooxygenase (COX)