#Exam 2- Learning Approach

Question 1

What is the summary of classical conditioning

Answer 1

If a behaviour is repeated so many times it becomes learnt. It’s why we expect a response from certain stimulus.

Question 2

What is a UCS

Answer 2

Smell of food ( something that produces a response naturally )

Question 3

What is the UCR

Answer 3

Natural reflex to the UCS- salivation at the smell of food

Question 4

What is a CS

Answer 4

A learnt response

Question 5

What is the CR

Answer 5

When a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus

Question 6

What is extinction

Answer 6

When the CR disappears

Question 7

What is spontaneous recovery

Answer 7

When CR returns in a weakened form

Question 8

Difference between discrimination and generalisation

Answer 8

Discrimination is when it only occurs for that specific item, where’s generalisation is when the response is for all similar items

Question 9

What supports classical conditioning

Answer 9

Pavlov and his study on dogs

Question 10

Difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning

Answer 10

Classical conditioning focuses upon the idea that if a behaviour is repeated so many times it becomes learnt however operant is the idea that we learn behaviour if it was reinforced

Question 11

Positive and negative reinforcement are part of which theory

Answer 11

Operant conditioning

Question 12

What theory does SLT work alongside

Answer 12

Conditioning

Question 13

Summary of SLT

Answer 13

Behaviour is learned through the observation of role models

Question 14

What are attention, retention and reproduction

Answer 14

Attention- paying attention to a behaviour
Retention-remembering that behaviour
Reproduction- the reproduction of the behaviour

Question 15

What is vicarious reinforcement

Answer 15

When a person is rewarded for hard work ( positive reinforcement)

Question 16

How can systematic desensitisation help overcome fears

Answer 16

Aims to replace undesirable fear by replacing it with desirable one such as relaxation

Question 17

How does flooding work

Answer 17

Having to face your fear head on

Question 18

How does classical conditioning explain phobias

Answer 18

anxiety provoking UCS is associated with a once neutral stimulus

Question 19

How does operant conditioning explain phobias

Answer 19

Phobias become worse when repeatedly reinforcing the avoidance of a mildly fearful thing

Question 20

How can social learning theory explain phobias

Answer 20

We learn phobias through vicarious reinforcement, we observe that fear from a role model, remember it and then repeat that behaviour

Question 21

Difference between the three Bandura studies

Answer 21

1961- violence witnessed in real life
1963- the violence shown was from a film
1965- see if reward or punishment at the end of violence effected levels of aggression

Question 22

What is the classic study in learning psychology

Answer 22

Watson and Raynor- see if a 9 month old boy could be conditioned into having a phobia of a white rat.

Question 23

What was the aim of Becker’s study and how many took part

Answer 23

To investigate how prolonged exposure of TV affected eating behaviours of 63 Fijian girls

Question 24

Why is anorexia an issue

Answer 24

Affects 1/200 adolescents
85% of young women worry about their looks
Affects 1% of 15-18 year old girls

Question 25

How does operant conditioning explain anorexia

Answer 25

Positive reinforcement for being thin or negative for being fat

Question 26

How does social learning theory explain anorexia

Answer 26

People imitate their role models

Question 27

What is the psychodynamic explanation of anorexia

Answer 27

Women do it as a regression to child ( prevent growing older )

Question 28

Aim of the learning psychology practical

Answer 28

Conduct an observation into males and females behaviour on public transport covert ppt observation

Question 29

What were the results of our practicals

Answer 29

2.44 on chi squared analysis, lower then CV of 3.84. This means the results suggest it’s over 5% due to chance factors not gender

Question 30

evaluation of operant and classical conditioning

Answer 30

s- thorndike and skinner (positve effects from behaviour means it is repeated) c-classical conditioning and pavlovs dogs- biological theories o-ignores biological explanation for behaviour u- reductionist, however explains why we shouldn't expose children to violence t-scientifically controlled experiments

Question 31

evaluation of social learning theory

Answer 31

s- williams et al- 80% of programmes watched by high amounts of people- encourages asbo c-charlton et al found media and environmental factors also to blame o-depends on motivation also there is a biological explanation u-shows why we shouldn't show children violence t- standardized procedure

Question 32

strengths of systematic desensitisation

Answer 32

``` ethical active involvement clear rationale can be done at a distance wills and edwards- SD is more effective ```

Question 33

what are the weaknesses of systematic desensitisation

Answer 33

can't do it for fears of flying only useful for certain phobias like spiders not as useful for evolutionary phobias

Question 34

what are the strengths of flooding

Answer 34

very quick way of curing a phobia | wolpe- car phobic girl shows flooding to be more effective in general

Question 35

what are the weaknesses of flooding

Answer 35

might increase phobia ie Barlett had parctical implosion and got to point where she couldn't not see spiders

Question 36

what was procedure for bandura 1961

Answer 36

72 ppts matched pairs each child either saw, aggressive or non aggressive or control watched modelled aggression to bobo doll and see if they would repeat.

Question 37

results/conclusions of bandura 1961

Answer 37

children who witnessed aggression more aggresisve, opposite for control and non aggressive. boys imitate same sex more not all behaviour learned from reinforcement

Question 38

procedure of bandura 1963

Answer 38

96 children | same apart from control was replced with a woman dressed as cat while follwing a script with a bobo doll

Question 39

results of bandura 1963

Answer 39

no difference between live action and cartoon, control group carried out half aggression children showed more aggression

Question 40

evaluation of both the 1961 and 1963 Bandura

Answer 40

G-not generalisable to adults but can be generalised to both genders R- reliable as it has standardized procedure A- stops children looking at violent content v- high IV low EV ( higher in 63 as done at home) E- consent ?

Question 41

What was the procedure of bandura 1965

Answer 41

33m 33 f Children watch short movie before going in room with bobo doll At end of movie either reward or punished or neither

Question 42

What were the results and conclusion of bandura 1965

Answer 42

Repeated if behaviour rewarded Boys imitated more Younger children copy physical aggression Vicarious reinforcement does increase imitation of aggressive behaviour

Question 43

Evaluate bandura 1965

Answer 43

``` S-rideout and Williams et al Generalisable Links to social learning theory Applicake to pegi Standardised procedure ```

Question 44

What were the results and conclusions of little Albert

Answer 44

Proves phobia could be conditioned NS associated with unconditioned stimulus ( loud bang ). Caused fear of white rat Conclusion- children can have fears conditioned into them. Similar things could also gain a fear

Question 45

Strengths and weaknesses of little Albert

Answer 45

``` G- one young boy not generalisable R-controlled experiment A-applied to see how people get phobias V- high internal validity and low ecological validity E-poor ethics CDCDWP ```

Question 46

Becker’s procedure

Answer 46

Naturalistic experiment tracking changes which have occurred over time 63 adolescent girls 3 weeks and then 3 years after Eat 26 survey on attitudes towards eating

Question 47

Results of Becker

Answer 47

Respondents with TV 3 times more likely to have eat 26 score greater then 20 Self induced vomiting went from 0% 1993 to 11.3% In 1995 40% thought loosing weight was better careers

Question 48

What was Becker’s conclusion.

Answer 48

Impact of TVS profound Cultural traditions were against purging which changed when TV introduced Ideal body weight changed

Question 49

Strengths of Becker

Answer 49

Studies such as Hamilton and Waller High ecological validity as it takes places in natural environment Large sample size Applicable as it shows how TV can impact eating behaviours

Question 50

Weaknesses of Becker

Answer 50

Gynocentric- only females Not an ethical diagnosis made on participants Consumerism effects - EV- lower internal validity

Question 51

What is the alternative biological explanation of anorexia

Answer 51

Holland et al - high concordance rates between MZ twins 55% and DZ twins 7%

Question 52

What is the psychodynamic explanation of anorexia

Answer 52

Regression to childhood shown by women to prevent growing older

Question 53

What is the hypothesis from our learning psychology practical

Answer 53

Males will show more polite behaviours than females on public transport to and from college

Question 54

What is the aim of our practical

Answer 54

To conduct an observation into males and females behaviour on public transport comparing good manners against bad. Using covert ppt participation

Question 55

What was the procedure to your learning practical

Answer 55

Sample 400 ppts Created coding scheme such as moving back, thank you to driver, giving up seat Bad manners, pushing and making noise Pilot study where behaviour was noted down

Question 56

Results of learning psychology practical

Answer 56

Observed 162 males and 147 females. 35 males has bad manners whereas 47 females did. Over 5% due to chance factors under critical value of 3.84 No correlation between gender and good manners

Question 57

Strengths of learning psychology practical

Answer 57

Standardised coding system, creates reliability for study High EV Gathered both Ql and Qn data

Question 58

Weaknesses of learning psychology practical

Answer 58

Opportunity sample not generalisable to country Un ethical- not informed May have missed behaviour